Table 3.

Results of linear mixed-effects regression involving participant group differences in peak amplitude difference. Reference levels are Class I, closed bite, female, /t/, and following /ɑ/.

Predictors	Estimates	SE	Statistic	p
Intercept	20.20	0.54	37.70	< .001
Class II	−2.56	0.77	−3.31	.001
Class III	−1.86	0.63	−2.96	.003
AOB	0.41	1.44	0.29	.776
Gender [M]	−2.19	0.80	−2.74	.006
Consonant /s/	11.92	0.41	28.73	< .001
Consonant /ʃ/	7.07	0.42	17.03	< .001
Consonant /tʃ/	1.38	0.42	3.32	.001
Following [æ]	0.10	0.27	0.37	.710
Following [i]	0.92	0.27	3.38	.001
following [u]	1.21	0.27	4.45	< .001
Class II × AOB	−2.91	1.85	−1.57	.116
Class III × AOB	−0.54	1.60	−0.34	.734
Class II × gender [M]	−0.33	1.21	−0.28	.783
Class III × gender [M]	−0.92	0.98	−0.94	.349
AOB × gender [M]	−4.40	2.69	−1.64	.101
Class II × consonant /s/	−1.94	0.55	−3.50	< .001
Class III × consonant /s/	−4.82	0.44	−10.93	< .001
Class II × consonant /ʃ/	−0.10	0.55	−0.19	.851
Class III × consonant /ʃ/	−3.27	0.44	−7.39	< .001
Class II × consonant /tʃ/	−0.27	0.56	−0.48	.633
Class III × consonant /tʃ/	−1.83	0.44	−4.11	< .001
AOB × consonant /s/	−7.20	1.03	−7.01	< .001
AOB × consonant /ʃ/	−7.38	1.03	−7.19	< .001
AOB × consonant /tʃ/	−4.74	1.05	−4.53	< .001
Gender [M] × consonant /s/	0.11	0.56	0.20	.845
Gender [M] × consonant /ʃ/	0.16	0.56	0.29	.775
Gender [M] × consonant /tʃ/	1.88	0.56	3.33	.001
(Class II × AOB) × gender [M]	6.34	3.22	1.97	.049
(Class III × AOB) × gender [M]	3.70	2.91	1.27	.204
(Class II × AOB) × consonant /s/	7.74	1.33	5.81	< .001
(Class III × AOB) × consonant /s/	6.00	1.14	5.28	< .001
(Class II × AOB) × consonant /ʃ/	7.74	1.33	5.81	< .001
(Class III × AOB) × consonant /ʃ/	6.35	1.14	5.58	< .001
(Class II × AOB) × consonant /tʃ/	5.65	1.35	4.18	< .001
(Class III × AOB) × consonant /tʃ/	2.78	1.16	2.41	.016
(Class II × gender [M]) × consonant /s/	−2.13	0.86	−2.48	.013
(Class III × gender [M]) × consonant /s/	−0.43	0.70	−0.61	.539
(Class II × gender [M]) × consonant /ʃ/	−0.37	0.86	−0.43	.667
(Class III × gender [M]) × consonant /ʃ/	1.30	0.69	1.87	.062
(Class II × gender [M]) × consonant /tʃ/	−0.25	0.86	−0.29	.769
(Class III × gender [M]) × consonant /tʃ/	0.24	0.70	0.35	.728
(AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /s/	1.31	1.93	0.68	.499
(AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /ʃ/	6.92	1.93	3.58	< .001
(AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /tʃ/	5.17	1.94	2.66	.008
(Class II × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /s/	−2.10	2.33	−0.90	.368
(Class III × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /s/	−0.50	2.09	−0.24	.810
(Class II × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /ʃ/	−10.77	2.32	−4.63	< .001
(Class III × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /ʃ/	−4.00	2.09	−1.91	.056
(Class II × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /tʃ/	−7.75	2.34	−3.32	.001
(Class III × AOB × gender [M]) × consonant /tʃ/	−2.68	2.10	−1.27	.203
Random effects
σ2	25.21
τ00 speaker	6.61
τ00 word	0.12
ICC	0.21
N word	16
N speaker	284
Observations	12,994
Marginal R2/conditional R2	.360/.495

Note. Values in bold are significant by p < .05 convention. SE = standard error; AOB = anterior open bite; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient.