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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 8.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pain. 2023 Mar 30;27(7):816–830. doi: 10.1002/ejp.2111

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Placebo manipulation. A calibration was completed to tailor painful stimuli to the individual sensitivity. Participants then entered a conditioning phase with delivery of non-painful and painful stimuli to make them believe that a TENS would have reduced their painful sensation. The TENS (sham) electrode was applied to the dominant arm. Participants were told the activation of the TENS electrode was activated would have reduced their painful sensation. Afterwards a testing phase was conducted with pairing both red and green screens to a moderate heat painful stimuli to assess for individual placebo effects. Placebo effects were operationally defined as the reduction in pain reports between red- and green-paired stimuli. Pain was assessed by means of a VAS with “no pain” and “maximum pain tolerable” as anchors. TENS, Trans Electrical Nerve Stimulation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.