Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Respondents at Health Centers: Overall and by Smoking Status, Health Center Patient Survey, 2014
| Variable | All Adult Patients Weighted % (n) |
Current Smokersa Weighted % (n) |
Former Smokersb Weighted % (n) |
Never Smokersc Weighted % (n) |
p 1 | Pairwise2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| n = 5583 | 28.1% (1735) | 19.2% (976) | 52.7% (2872) | |||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Female | 64.1 (3513) | 62.5 (884) | 49.4 (491) | 70.2 (2138) | <0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Age | <0.001 | |||||
| 18-44 | 53.4 (2293) | 51.5 (652) | 31.7 (260) | 62.2 (1381) | ab bc ac | |
| 45-64 | 35.8 (2739) | 45.1 (1010) | 45.1 (537) | 27.4 (1192) | ||
| 65+ | 10.9 (551) | 3.4 (73) | 23.2 (179) | 10.4 (299) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ab bc ac | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 50.5 (1373) | 68.0 (629) | 60.9 (296) | 37.5 (448) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 19.2 (1301) | 17.9 (544) | 15.5 (194) | 21.1 (563) | ||
| Hispanic | 242 (1900) | 9.7 (284) | 18.9(307) | 33.9 (1309) | ||
| Non-Hispanic other | 6.1 (1009) | 4.4 (278) | 4.7 (179) | 7.5 (552) | ||
| Education | 0.021 | ab bc ac | ||||
| < HS diploma | 34.4 (2439) | 35.4 (712) | 33.6 (391) | 36.1 (1336) | ||
| HS diploma/GED | 28.7 (1517) | 35.6 (566) | 29.8 (246) | 25.3 (705) | ||
| > HS diploma | 36.9 (1611) | 29.0 (454) | 36.6 (336) | 38.6 (821) | ||
| Employment | 0.055 | |||||
| Employed | 37.3 (1782) | 34.3 (401) | 35.0 (331) | 39.8 (1050) | ||
| Not in labor force | 46.8 (2760) | 46.5 (913) | 55.5 (517) | 43.9 (1330) | ||
| Unemployed | 15.8 (1041) | 19.2 (421) | 9.5 (128) | 16.3 (492) | ||
| Federal poverty level (FPL) | 0.106 | |||||
| ≤ 100% FPL | 55.5 (3618) | 63.4 (1268) | 51.6 (577) | 52.7 (1773) | ||
| 101%-199% FPL | 29.0 (1424) | 22.9 (342) | 32.1 (284) | 31.1 (798) | ||
| ≥ 200% FPL | 15.5 (539) | 13.6 (124) | 16.2 (115) | 16.2 (300) | ||
| Health Center Location3 | 0.398 | |||||
| Rural | 52.1 (1663) | 52.9 (471) | 57.3 (320) | 49.8 (872) | ||
| Urban | 47.9 (3920) | 47.1 (1264) | 42.7 (656) | 50.2 (2000) | ||
| Insurance Status4 | 0.267 | |||||
| Uninsured | 26.1 (1350) | 25.7 (364) | 23.6 (204) | 27.3 (782) | ||
| Any Medicaid | 51.9 (3036) | 57.5 (1075) | 50.0 (535) | 49.6 (1426) | ||
| Medicare Only | 4.4 (314) | 3.2 (87) | 7.3 (77) | 4.0 (150) | ||
| Other | 17.6 (846) | 13.7 (197) | 19.0 (156) | 19.1 (493) | ||
| Health Characteristics | ||||||
| Fair/poor health5 | 41.6 (2747) | 48.2 (924) | 41.2 (495) | 38.1 (1328) | 0.031 | ab bc ac |
| Hypertension | 20.8 (1353) | 20.7 (483) | 25.5 (276) | 19.2 (594) | 0.126 | |
| Current asthma | 15.8 (914) | 21.4 (393) | 17.7 (192) | 12.1 (329) | 0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Diabetes | 21.4 (1196) | 16.9 (320) | 33.4 (288) | 19.4 (588) | <0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Cancer | 6.0 (381) | 5.9 (141) | 7.9 (76) | 5.3 (164) | 0.435 | |
| Cardiovascular disease6 | 14.9 (767) | 17.7 (295) | 22.4 (199) | 10.6 (273) | 0.004 | ab bc ac |
| COPD | 7.5 (477) | 13.8 (285) | 12.8 (122) | 2.1 (70) | <0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Behavioral Health | ||||||
| Psychological distress | <0.001 | ab bc ac | ||||
| Severe (Kessler Score ≥ 13) | 14.5 (902) | 23.9 (420) | 12.1 (147) | 10.3 (335) | ||
| Moderate (5 ≤ Kessler Score < 13) | 39.9 (2133) | 41.6 (744) | 44.8 (395) | 37.1 (994) | ||
| No/low (Kessler Score < 5) | 45.7 (2494) | 34.5 (552) | 43.1 (430) | 52.6 (1512) | ||
| Mental health diagnoses7 | <0.001 | ab bc ac | ||||
| None | 52.4 (3015) | 34.0 (645) | 43.2 (496) | 65.6 (1874) | ||
| 1 | 18.2 (911) | 19.7 (299) | 23.3 (163) | 15.5 (449) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 29.4 (1657) | 46.3 (791) | 33.5 (317) | 18.9 (549) | ||
| Sought mental health care in past year | 21.9 (1233) | 32.6 (615) | 27.3 (232) | 14.2 (386) | <0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Use of illicit substances in past 3 months8 | 4.0 (328) | 8.7 (237) | 3.1 (38) | 1.7 (53) | <0.001 | ab bc ac |
| Days drinking ≥5 alcoholic beverages in past 12 months | <0.001 | ab bc ac | ||||
| No alcohol in past 12 months | 44.6 (2681) | 31.2 (547) | 43.1 (461) | 52.3 (1673) | ||
| 0-12 days | 50.0 (2428) | 59.4 (879) | 49.1 (445) | 45.5 (1104) | ||
| ≥12 days | 5.3 (428) | 9.5 (284) | 7.8 (61) | 2.2 (83) | ||
| Marijuana use in past 3 months | <0.001 | ab bc ac | ||||
| Never | 56.9 (3338) | 26.8 (525) | 39.6 (460) | 79.1 (2353) | ||
| Not in past 3 months | 31.0 (1490) | 44.8 (722) | 54.4 (430) | 15.1 (338) | ||
| At least once in past 3 months | 12.1 (738) | 28.3 (482) | 6.0 (81) | 5.7 (175) | ||
P-values were calculated by chi-square tests.
Pairwise tests were conducted using adjusted standardized residuals and Bonferroni correction of the alpha level for multiple comparisons.
Oversampling for racial/ethnic minorities led to a larger n in urban settings. However, the post-stratification weighting adjusted for urban/rural location, yielding the perceived discrepancy between unweighted n and weighted percentage.
“Any Medicaid” includes individuals enrolled in Medicaid or State Children’s Insurance Program and is not mutually exclusive from other insurance types. “Medicare Only” reflects that Medicare is the patient’s only coverage. “Other” includes insurance provided through an employer or union (can be current employer, former employer, or spouse), state health insurance exchange, private insurer, or other types of health insurance (e.g., CHAMPUS, TRICARE, CHAMP-VA, VA). “Uninsured” have responded “no” to all insurance options.
Self-reported health status where “fair or poor health” includes responses of 2 or 1, respectively, on a 5 point scale.
Cardiovascular disease includes self-report of doctor or health provider telling patient they had one or more of the following conditions: congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina (angina pectoris), heart attack (myocardial infarction), or stroke.
Self-report of doctor or health provider telling patient they had any of the following diagnoses: general anxiety, panic disorder, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder.
Includes cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens, opioids, or other substance for non-medical purposes. Does not include tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana.