Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with antimalarial exposure in pregnancy and fetal loss among active duty women in the United States military, 2003–2014.
| Exposure and timing | Total N | All fetal lossesa |
Spontaneous abortion |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | HRb | HR (95% CI)c | n | (%) | HRb | HR (95% CI)c | ||
| None (reference) | 197,835 | 34,889 | (17.6) | 1.00 | – | 30,030 | (15.2) | 1.00 | – |
| Atovaquone-proguanil | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 50 | 14 | (28.0) | 1.40 | 1.46 (0.87, 2.46) | 13 | (26.0) | 1.50 | 1.55 (0.90, 2.67) |
| First trimester exposure | 47 | 14 | (29.8) | 1.53 | 1.59 (0.94, 2.67) | 13 | (27.7) | 1.61 | 1.67 (0.97, 2.88) |
| Mefloquine | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 156 | 25 | (16.0) | 1.06 | 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) | 20 | (12.8) | 0.98 | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) |
| First trimester exposure | 132 | 22 | (18.2) | 1.21 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.78) | 20 | (15.2) | 1.15 | 1.12 (0.72, 1.74) |
| Chloroquine | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 131 | 8 | (6.1) | 0.52 | 0.47 (0.24, 0.94) | 6 | (4.6) | 0.45 | 0.41 (0.18, 0.91) |
| First trimester exposure | 97 | 8 | (8.3) | 0.63 | 0.57 (0.29, 1.14) | 6 | (6.2) | 0.56 | 0.50 (0.23, 1.11) |
a
Includes spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and other losses not identified as ectopic or molar pregnancies or elective abortions.
b
Model adjusted for maternal age at conception.
c
Model adjusted for maternal age at conception, service branch, rank, marital status, and exposure to vaccinations generally contraindicated in pregnancy.