Table 4.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with antimalarial exposure in pregnancy and adverse live birth outcomes among infants of active duty women in the United States military, 2003–2014.
| Exposure and timing | Total N | Any adverse live birth outcomea |
Any adverse live birth outcomea or birth defect |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | ORb | OR (95% CI)c | n | (%) | ORb | OR (95% CI)c | ||
| None (reference) | 160,892 | 18,340 | (11.4) | 1.00 | – | 21,746 | (13.5) | 1.00 | – |
| Atovaquone-proguanil | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 36 | 7 | (19.4) | 1.90 | 2.02 (0.88, 4.60) | 7 | (19.4) | 1.55 | 1.62 (0.71, 3.71) |
| First trimester exposure | 33 | 6 | (18.2) | 1.74 | 1.85 (0.76, 4.48) | 6 | (18.2) | 1.42 | 1.49 (0.62, 3.62) |
| Mefloquine | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 130 | 9 | (6.9) | 0.58 | 0.59 (0.30, 1.16) | 10 | (7.7) | 0.53 | 0.55 (0.29, 1.04) |
| First trimester exposure | 107 | 7 | (6.5) | 0.55 | 0.56 (0.26, 1.21) | 8 | (7.5) | 0.52 | 0.54 (0.26, 1.10) |
| Chloroquine | |||||||||
| Any exposure | 121 | 11 | (9.1) | 0.78 | 0.74 (0.40, 1.37) | 13 | (10.7) | 0.77 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.32) |
| First trimester exposure | 87 | 8 | (9.2) | 0.79 | 0.76 (0.37, 1.56) | 10 | (11.5) | 0.83 | 0.81 (0.42, 1.56) |
a
Any adverse live birth outcome defined as preterm birth, low birthweight, or small for gestational age.
b
Model adjusted for maternal age at conception.
c
Model adjusted for maternal age at conception, service branch, rank, marital status, and exposure to vaccinations generally contraindicated in pregnancy.