TABLE 1.

Selected Key Mediators of the Intersection of Coagulation and Inflammation

Selected Mediator	Source	Role in Thromboinflammation
Activated protein C	Plasma	Natural anticoagulant with cytoprotective role; promotes endothelial barrier; inhibits proinflammatory mediators
Complement cascade	Plasma	Stimulates platelet activation and adhesion
DAMPs	Injured cells	Cytokine release and inflammatory response amplification
Elastase	Neutrophils	Decreased circulating antithrombin
EVs	Multiple	Propagates inflammatory response
Factor VIIa	Plasma	Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells
Fibrin	Plasma	Promotes leukocyte adhesion, migration, and cytokine release
P-selectin	Platelets	Recruits immune cells; induces cytokine release; receptor for C3b, initiates complement activation
Phosphatidylserine	Platelets	Recruits immune cells; induces cytokine release
Platelet factor 4	Platelets	Recruitment and activation of neutrophils and monocytes
Cytokines	Multiple	Increased TF expression on endothelial cells and monocytes
Thrombin	Plasma	Cleaves protease-activated receptors leading to cytokine release
TF	Multiple	Triggers release of inflammatory mediators
Toll like receptors	Platelets	Recognizes PAMPs and DAMPs, triggers inflammatory responses
vWF	Multiple	Propagates platelet adhesion

PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern.