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Illustration of three key processes involved in combined radio-immunotherapy. (a) Radiation kills tumor cells to slow down tumor growth, while simultaneously enacts the exposure of tumor-associated antigens to recruit CD8 + T cells to the tumor site. (b) Anti-PD-L1 blocks the binding between PD- and PD-L1, reinvigorating immune response against tumor cells. (c) Radiation stimulates the infiltration of T-cells and changes TME.
