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. 2024 Apr 8;15:3003. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47273-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — A Alpha-diversity analysis exposed that CB increased the Simpson index (n/High inflammatory group = 7, n/CB group = 7, n/NS group = 6). One-way ANOVA test for multiple comparisons with Tukey’s test for post hoc corrections. Data are presented as mean values with SD. Box plots indicate median and interquartile range. P-value is marked as follows: ***P ≤ 0.001. B Beta diversity analysis uncovered the bacterial community composition was notably different between High inflammatory group (n = 7) and CB group (n = 7). C LEfSe analysis showed that the abundance of Clostridia and Clostridiales were increased and that of Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides were decreased in CB group (n = 7). All statistical tests are two-sided. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. CB Clostridium butyricum, NS Normal saline.