Table 1.
Autoimmune animal model gene mutations during efferocytosis.
| Molecule/protein | Efferocytosis phase | Genetically-modified murine model | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| EPOR [8] | “Find me” | Epor−/− mice | Age-dependent lupus-like symptoms |
| G2A [78] | “Find me” | G2A−/− mice | Lymphocytic infiltration into various tissues |
| Lupus-like glomerulonephritis | |||
| Anti-nuclear autoantibodies | |||
| Mertk [79,80] | “Eat me” | Mertk−/− mice | Lupus-like glomerulonephritis |
| Anti-nuclear autoantibodies | |||
| Sjögren's syndrome-like symptoms | |||
| Tyro3/Axl/Mertk [55] | “Eat me” | Tyro3/Axl/Mertk-deficient mice | Systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and rheumatoid arthritis |
| Anti-nuclear autoantibodies | |||
| Xkr8 [81] | “Eat me” | MR-Xkr8−/− mice | Rising effector CD4+ T cells |
| Lupus-like glomerulonephritis | |||
| C1q [75] | “Eat me” | C1qa−/− mice | Uncleared ACs |
| Lupus-like glomerulonephritis | |||
| MFG-E8 [82] | “Eat me” | MFG-E8−/− mice | Splenomegaly |
| Anti-nuclear autoantibodies | |||
| Lupus-like glomerulonephritis | |||
| DNase II [83] | Post-engulfment | DNaseII−/−IFNaR−/− double knockout (DKO) mice | Inflammatory polyarthritis |
| PPARγ, RXRα [84] | Post-engulfment | mice lacking macrophage PPARγ or RXRα | Lupus-like glomerulonephritis |
| Anti-nuclear autoantibodies | |||
| LXR [26] | Post-engulfment | Lxr αβ−/− mice | Age-dependent splenomegaly |
| Lupus-like glomerulonephritis | |||
| Immunoglobulin deposition in other organs including lungs and skin |