Table 2.

Potential efferocytosis therapeutic targets in various autoimmune diseases.

Disease	Treatment	Efferocytosis association	Reference
Rheumatoid arthritis	SuperMApo	Efferocytosis-released cytokines	[60]
	AC infusion	Directly promote efferocytosis	[62]
	SPMs	Stimulant effect on efferocytosis	[60]
	AT-01-KG	Reduce neutrophil accumulation, enhance neutrophil apoptosis and macrophage efferocytosis	[67]
	Biochanin A		[68]
	Angiotensin-(1–7)		[69]
	PL8177	Reduce M1-like macrophage polarization and enhance macrophage efferocytosis	[70]
	Pulsed electromagnetic field	Enhance macrophage efferocytosis	[71]
Systemic erythematosus	Combined inhibition of ADAM10/ADAM17	Reduce sAXL production	[85]
	IgG deletion	Reduce autoantibodies against the “eat me” receptor SCARF1	[86]
	Exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells	miR-16 and miR-21 enhance ACa clearance	[87]
	PS-lipos-AuNC@T0901317	Targeted enhancement of macrophage LXR activation leading to rapid AC clearance	[88]
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel	BELMO TELMO	Enhance efferocytosis efficiency and ensure AC utilization after efferocytosis	[89]
	Single infusion of AC	Directly promote efferocytosis	[90]
	SuperMApo	Efferocytosis-released cytokines	[91]
	ChemR23	Reduce neutrophil accumulation, enhance neutrophil apoptosis and macrophage efferocytosis	[92]
	AON		[93]
Type 1 diabetes	Dendritic cells pulsed with antigen-specific apoptotic bodies	Rehabilitate specific immune tolerance	[94]
	rMFG-E8	Accelerate dead cell removal to promote wound healing	[95]
	liposomes containing PtdSer, β-cell autoantigens, and human insulin peptide	Rehabilitate specific immune tolerance	[96]
Systemic sclerosis	rMFG-E8	Significantly improve lung and skin fibrosis in bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse models	[97]
	ROCK inhibitor Y27632	Reverse efferocytosis damaged by SiO2	[98]
	Ruxolitinib	Significantly improve lung and skin fibrosis in bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse models	[99]

^aAC, apoptotic cell.