Table 3.

Summary of the altered gut microbiota in obesity and T2D and the outcome after medical intervention.

Genus/species (phylum)	Obesity Type 2 diabetes	Pharmacotherapy	Bariatric Surgery	Role of microorganisms
Akkermansia muciniphila (Verrucomicrobia)	↓	↑	↑	influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Firmicutes)	↓	↑	↑	increases insulin sensitivity produces butyrate
Escherichia coli (Proteobacteria)	↑↓	↑	↑	The role of E. coli in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes is debatable.
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis (Actinobacteria)	↓	↑	↑	increase insulin sensitivity

↑: increased abundance of microorganisms; ↓;decreased abundance of microorganisms.