TABLE 2.

Direction of evidence by exposure, outcome, and analysis type.

Paper characteristic	N a	Mixed	No association	Association
Cognitive Measure
Clinical Diagnosis	3	33% (1)	33% (1)	33% (1)
Adjudicated diagnosis	11	64% (7)	9% (1)	27% (3)
Verbal Learning	2	50% (1)	50% (1)	0% (0)
Memory	9	44% (4)	33% (3)	22% (2)
Verbal Fluency	3	0% (0)	33% (1)	67% (2)
Executive function	7	43% (3)	29% (2)	29% (2)
Global Cognitive Score	24	46% (11)	29% (7)	25% (6)
Attention	1	100% (1)	0% (0)	0% (0)
MRI Scans
Cortical Thickness	1	0% (0)	0% (0)	100% (1)
Cognitive Outcome
Cognitive function/Cognitive decline	29	66% (19)	7% (2)	28% (8)
Dementia	11	45% (5)	18% (2)	36% (4)
Alzheimer’s Disease	3	100% (3)	0% (0)	0% (0)
Neighborhood Exposure
Environmental hazards	4	50% (2)	50% (2)	0% (0)
Greenery/Greenspace exposure/Blue exposure	10	50% (5)	20% (2)	30% (3)
Retail food environment	3	67% (2)	33% (1)	0% (0)
Neighborhood cohesion	5	60% (3)	0% (0)	40% (2)
Neighborhood disorder/Aesthetics/Quality	5	40% (2)	0% (0)	60% (3)
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status (SES)	9	33% (3)	33% (3)	33% (3)
Neighborhood Segregation	2	100% (2)	0% (0)	0% (0)
Social Destinations	5	20% (1)	40% (2)	40% (2)
Public Transportation	2	50% (1)	0% (0)	50% (1)
Walkability	3	0% (0)	67% (2)	33% (1)
Urbanicity/Rurality Status	4	75% (3)	0% (0)	25% (1)
Infrastructure	1	100% (1)	0% (0)	0% (0)
Elevation/Hilliness	1	100% (1)	0% (0)	0% (0)
Healthcare facilities	1	0% (0)	100% (1)	0% (0)
Recreation/Physical Activity Facilities	6	33% (2)	33% (2)	33% (2)
Analysis Type
Time to event	11	55% (6)	18% (2)	27% (3)
Repeated measure	21	71% (15)	5% (1)	24% (5)
Difference/auto	5	60% (3)	20% (1)	20% (1)
Risk	3	33% (1)	0% (0)	67% (2)
Multilevel
None	14	57% (8)	14% (2)	29% (4)
Individual Cluster	12	67% (8)	0% (0)	33% (4)
Neighborhood Cluster	3	33% (1)	33% (1)	33% (1)
Both	11	73% (8)	9% (1)	18% (2)

^a Total may not add up to 40 due to some papers examining multiple characteristics.