Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Participant Response in Randomized Group.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| d-Mannose (n = 303) | Placebo (n = 295) | Overall (N = 598) | |
| Age, y | |||
| Mean (SD) | 58.6 (17.08) | 57.3 (19.08) | 58.0 (18.09) |
| Median (IQR) [range] | 61.4 (48.3-72.5) [19.0-91.9] | 61.3 (43.4-72.9) [18.2-93.5] | 61.3 (46.5-72.8) [18.2-93.5] |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Have you gone through the menopause? | |||
| Yes | 194 (64.0) | 182 (62.1) | 376 (63.1) |
| No | 86 (28.4) | 97 (33.1) | 183 (30.7) |
| Do not know | 23 (7.6) | 14 (4.8) | 37 (6.2) |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| If yes, do you use hormonal treatment for your menopause?a | |||
| Tablet | 15 (7.7) | 15 (8.2) | 30 (8.0) |
| Patch | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.6) | 5 (1.3) |
| Vaginal | 31 (16.0) | 27 (14.8) | 58 (15.4) |
| None | 136 (70.1) | 131 (72.0) | 267 (71.0) |
| Missing | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| Are you using any of the following contraceptives?a | |||
| Combined pill | 14 (4.6) | 22 (7.5) | 36 (6.0) |
| Progesterone-only pill | 16 (5.3) | 8 (2.7) | 24 (4.0) |
| Coil, copper | 5 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) | 7 (1.2) |
| Coil, hormonal | 23 (7.6) | 17 (5.8) | 40 (6.7) |
| Implant | 2 (0.7) | 8 (2.7) | 10 (1.7) |
| None of the above | 225 (74.3) | 223 (75.6) | 448 (74.9) |
| Missing | 21 | 16 | 37 |
| Do you experience episodes of urine incontinence (leaking)? | |||
| Yes | 128 (42.4) | 112 (38.1) | 240 (40.3) |
| No | 174 (57.6) | 182 (61.9) | 356 (59.7) |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| If yes, does this happen more than once a month? | |||
| Yes | 96 (75.0) | 90 (81.8) | 186 (78.2) |
| No | 32 (25.0) | 20 (18.2) | 52 (21.8) |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| How many UTI episodes have you had in the past 12 mo (self-reported)? | |||
| Mean (SD) | 4.4 (2.07) | 4.8 (2.20) | 4.6 (2.14) |
| Median (IQR) [range] | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) [1.0-10.0] | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) [1.0-10.0] | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) [1.0-10.0] |
| 1 | 2 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) | 8 (1.2) |
| 2 | 37 (12.4) | 17 (5.8) | 61 (9.0) |
| 3 | 86 (28.8) | 79 (27.1) | 186 (27.3) |
| 4 | 66 (22.1) | 69 (23.6) | 153 (22.5) |
| 5 | 32 (10.7) | 41 (14.0) | 89 (12.6) |
| 6 | 39 (13.0) | 30 (10.3) | 79 (11.6) |
| 7 | 11 (3.7) | 11 (3.8) | 28 (4.1) |
| 8 | 7 (2.3) | 16 (5.5) | 28 (4.1) |
| 9 | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| 10 | 18 (6.0) | 23 (7.9) | 49 (7.2) |
| Missing | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| How many of those were in the past 6 mo? | |||
| Mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.58) | 2.9 (1.53) | 2.8 (1.56) |
| Median (IQR) [range] | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) [1.0-10.0] | 3.0 (2.0-4.0) [1.0-10.0] | 3.0 (2.0-3.0) [1.0-10.0] |
| Missing | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| How long did the episode last (in days)?b | |||
| Mean (SD) | 7.5 (6.30) | 8.2 (8.74) | 7.9 (7.61) |
| Median (IQR) [range] | 6.0 (4.3-8.8) [1.0-65.0] | 6.0 (4.3-8.0) [1.3-90.0] | 6.0 (4.3-8.5) [1.0-90.0] |
| Missing | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| No. of contacts with a physician, nurse, or health care assistant because of previous UTI episode symptomsc | |||
| 0 | 14 (4.6) | 15 (5.1) | 29 (4.8) |
| 1 | 35 (11.6) | 37 (12.5) | 72 (12.0) |
| 2 | 86 (28.4) | 63 (21.4) | 149 (24.9) |
| ≥3 | 168 (55.4) | 180 (61.0) | 348 (58.2) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Did you take anything to help with your symptoms?d | |||
| Yes | 277 (91.4) | 265 (89.8) | 542 (90.6) |
| Paracetamol | 144 (52.0) | 159 (60.0) | NA |
| Ibuprofen | 70 (25.3) | 57 (21.5) | NA |
| Cranberry juice | 108 (39.0) | 94 (35.5) | NA |
| Cystitis relief sachetse | 102 (36.8) | 89 (33.6) | NA |
| Other | 178 (64.3) | 178 (67.2) | NA |
| No | 26 (8.6) | 30 (10.2) | 56 (9.4) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Are you currently experiencing symptoms of a UTI? | |||
| Yes | 67 (22.2) | 75 (25.6) | 142 (23.9) |
| No | 235 (77.8) | 218 (74.4) | 453 (76.1) |
| Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| How often do you generally have sexual intercourse? | |||
| Not in the past year | 117 (39.1) | 115 (39.1) | 232 (39.1) |
| A few times per year to monthly | 38 (12.7) | 39 (13.3) | 77 (13.0) |
| A few times per month to weekly | 77 (25.8) | 67 (22.8) | 144 (24.3) |
| 2-3 Times per week | 36 (12.0) | 46 (15.6) | 82 (13.8) |
| ≥4 Times per week | 12 (4.0) | 14 (4.8) | 26 (4.4) |
| Prefer not to say | 19 (6.4) | 13 (4.4) | 32 (5.4) |
| Missing | 4 | 1 | 5 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; UTI, urinary tract infection.
a
Not mutually exclusive.
b
On average for up to the previous 3 episodes.
c
Total number of self-reported health care contacts for up to 3 previous UTI episodes.
d
Yes if for any of the previous 3 UTI episodes; no if for none of the previous 3 episodes.
e
Over-the-counter sachets containing sodium citrate or potassium citrate.