Table 1.
Patient characteristics by occurrence and type of intracranial bleeding event after EVT.
| Absenta (n = 67) | HBC class 1a + ba (n = 40) | HBC class 1c–3aa (n = 18) | HBC class 3b–da (n = 7) | pb value | Overall (n = 132) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 79 (68–83) | 80 (66.5–84) | 76.5 (71.5–85.3) | 71 (70–81) | 0.7 | 79 (70–83) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male, n (%) | 22 (32.8) | 14 (35) | 6 (33.3) | 4 (57.1) | 0.97 | 46 (34.8) |
| Female, n (%) | 45 (67.2) | 26 (65) | 12 (66.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0.97 | 86 (65.2) |
| Medical | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 57 (85.1) | 36 (90) | 14 (77.8) | 7 (100) | 0.46 | 114 (86.4) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 15 (22.4) | 8 (20) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0.86 | 27 (20.5) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 22 (32.8) | 16 (40) | 8 (44.4) | 1 (14.3) | 0.58 | 47 (35.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 38 (56.7) | 23 (57.5) | 8 (44.4) | 4 (57.1) | 0.61 | 73 (55.3) |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 16 (23.9) | 10 (25) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (28.6) | 0.46 | 31 (23.5) |
| Baseline medication | ||||||
| Antithrombotic medication, n (%) | 37 (55.2) | 23 (57.5) | 14 (77.8) | 3 (42.9) | 0.21 | 77 (58.3) |
| Antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 18 (26.9) | 12 (30) | 10 (55.6) | 0 (0) | 0.06 | 40 (30.3) |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 21 (31.3) | 11 (27.5) | 5 (27.8) | 3 (42.9) | 0.9 | 40 (30.3) |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 56 (83.6) | 30 (75) | 12 (66.7) | 4 (57.1) | 0.25 | 102 (77.3) |
| Clinical | ||||||
| NIHSS at presentation, median (IQR) | 12 (8–16) | 15 (12–18) | 16.5 (13–20.5) | 9 (6–15) | 0.0025 | 14 (9.3–17) |
| Unknown onset, n (%) | 20 (29.9) | 15 (37.5) | 7 (38.9) | 3 (42.9) | 0.63 | 45 (34.1) |
| ASPECTS at presentation, median (IQR) | 9 (8–9) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 9 (8–10) | <0.0001 | 8 (7–9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mmHg | 157 (136–180) | 160 (144.5–186) | 160 (155–183.8) | 157 (97.5–164) | 0.31 | 159 (141–180) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mmHg | 86 (69–96) | 80 (73–98) | 89 (78–102.3) | 65 (57.5–76.5) | 0.11 | 85 (72–98) |
| Heart rate, median (IQR), min−1 | 81 (70–98) | 78 (69.8–89.8) | 82.5 (70.5–102.3) | 77 (61–98) | 0.75 | 80 (70–97.8) |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Thrombolysis | ||||||
| Intravenous alteplase treatment, n (%) | 26 (38.8) | 15 (37.5) | 9 (50) | 2 (28.6) | 0.64 | 52 (39.4) |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Onset-to-puncture, median (IQR), min | 235 (153–325) | 230 (156–280) | 257 (195–322) | 291.5 (147.8–355.8) | 0.82 | 237 (165–316) |
| Angiographic occlusion locationc | ||||||
| M1, n (%) | 40 (59.7) | 29 (72.5) | 11 (61.1) | 4 (57.1) | 0.4 | 84 (63.6) |
| M2, n (%) | 22 (32.8) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0.008 | 31 (23.5) |
| ICA, n (%) | 8 (11.9) | 10 (25) | 4 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 0.2 | 22 (16.7) |
| Puncture-to-first-pass, median (IQR), min | 42.5 (30–51) | 38.5 (29–57) | 42 (29.5–53.8) | 40.5 (35.8–58) | 0.92 | 41 (30–53.3) |
| Stent-retrieval manoeuvres, n (IQR) | 1 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–3.5) | 2.5 (1–4) | 0.49 | 2 (1–3) |
| Successful recanalisationd, n (%) | 58 (86.6) | 34 (85) | 14 (77.8) | 6 (85.7) | 0.65 | 112 (84.9) |
| Duration of MT procedure, median (IQR), min | 70 (52–104) | 89 (62.8–138.3) | 74 (53.5–119) | 98 (56–154.8) | 0.23 | 75 (56–118) |
| Onset-to-final-recanalisation, median (IQR), min | 307 (244–425) | 325 (264.5–379.5) | 319 (280–449) | 419 (250–460) | 0.74 | 325 (251.5–408) |
| Sampling | ||||||
| Onset-to-cerebral sampling, median (IQR), min | 274 (191–375) | 285 (192.5–356) | 303 (242–442) | 243.5 (158.3–355) | 0.79 | 285 (198–367) |
| Onset-to-carotid sampling, median (IQR), min | 319 (211–405) | 342 (277.5–390) | 338 (297–460) | 366.5 (245.8–475.3) | 0.78 | 336 (263–405) |
| Outcome | ||||||
| mRS at discharge, median (IQR) | 2 (1–5) | 5 (3–5) | 6 (5–6) | 3 (1–5) | <0.0001 | 4 (1–5) |
| Death during hospital stay, n (%) | 3 (4.5) | 6 (15) | 10 (55.6) | 1 (14.3) | <0.0001 | 20 (15.2) |
ASPECTS, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; EVT, endovascular thrombectomy; HBC, Heidelberg Bleeding Classification; ICA, internal carotid artery; IQR, interquartile range; M1/M2, middle cerebral artery segment; mmHg, millimetres of mercury; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SD; standard deviation; y, years.
Intracranial haemorrhages were anatomically categorised according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification (HBC: 1a, haemorrhagic infarction (HI1)—scattered small petechiae; 1b, HI2—confluent petechiae; 1c, parenchymal haematoma (PH1)—haematoma within infarcted tissue, occupying <30%; 2, PH2—haematoma occupying ≥30% of the infarcted tissue; 3a—PH remote from infarcted brain tissue; 3b—intraventricular haemorrhage; 3c—subarachnoid haemorrhage; 3d—subdural haemorrhage) and grouped with respect to the type of bleeding (HBC classes 1a + b, minor [petechial] intracerebral haemorrhage; HBC classes 1c–3a, major intracerebral haemorrhage [parenchymal haematoma]; HBC classes 3b–d, intracranial-extracerebral haemorrhage).
The p values for binary variables are based on χ2 test (data for analysis included the following groups: absent, HBC1a + b, and HBC1c–3a). The p values of all other variables are based on Kruskal–Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, as appropriate.
Including multiple sites in the target downstream territory.
Defined as eTICI ≥ 2b50.