Table 1.
Univariate meta-regression analyses for selected study and intervention characteristics.
| Model | Covariate | Type | β (95% CI) | p-value | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Male proportion | Participant characteristic | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.261 | 0.67 |
| 2 | Target population (type 1 diabetes) | Participant characteristic | −0.09 (−0.31, 0.14) | 0.460 | 0 |
| 3 | Target population (type 2 diabetes) | Participant characteristic | 0.12 (−0.14, 0.38) | 0.357 | 1.17 |
| 4 | Uncontrolled HbA1c | Participant characteristic | −0.19 (−0.39, 0.00) | 0.055 | 8.43 |
| 5 | BC theories | Developmental feature | 0.17 (−0.08, 0.43) | 0.189 | 3.76 |
| 6 | User involvement | Developmental feature | 0.24 (0.04, 0.43) | 0.020 | 14.00 |
| 7 | Additional HCP involvement | Intervention characteristic | −0.01 (−0.22, 0.20) | 0.949 | 0 |
| 8 | Device type | Intervention characteristic | −0.06 (−0.31, 0.18) | 0.617 | 0 |
| 9 | Technology automation | Intervention characteristic | −0.13 (−0.33, 0.07) | 0.199 | 5.20 |
| 10 | Healthy eating | Target behaviour | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.12) | 0.368 | 0 |
| 11 | Being active | Target behaviour | 0.08 (−0.14, 0.29) | 0.488 | 0 |
| 12 | Taking medication | Target behaviour | −0.25(−0.46, −0.05) | 0.017 | 5.20 |
| 13 | 1.1 Goal setting (behavior) | BCTs | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.33) | 0.237 | 0 |
| 14 | 1.2 Problem solving | BCTs | 0.08 (−0.24, 0.40) | 0.605 | 0 |
| 15 | 1.3 Goal setting (outcome) | BCTs | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.995 | 0 |
| 16 | 1.4 Action planning | BCTs | −0.01 (−0.21, 0.20) | 0.951 | 0 |
| 17 | 1.5 Review behavior goal(s) | BCTs | 0.03 (−0.28, 0.35) | 0.835 | 0 |
| 18 | 1.6 Discrepancy between current behavior and goal | BCTs | 0.15 (−0.08, 0.38) | 0.207 | 1.52 |
| 19 | 2.2 Feedback on behaviour | BCTs | −0.16 (−0.38, 0.07) | 0.170 | 0.92 |
| 20 | 2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour | BCTs | −0.30 (−0.50, −0.10) | 0.003 | 20.08 |
| 21 | 2.4 Self-monitoring of outcome(s) of behaviour | BCTs | −0.25 (−0.48, −0.04) | 0.016 | 9.11 |
| 22 | 2.6 Biofeedback | BCTs | 0.14 (−0.07, 0.34) | 0.185 | 0 |
| 23 | 2.7 Feedback on outcome(s) of behavior | BCTs | −0.18 (−0.43, 0.07) | 0.154 | 4.50 |
| 24 | 3.1 Social support (unspecified) | BCTs | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.37) | 0.146 | 6.43 |
| 25 | 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior | BCTs | 0.00 (−0.24, 0.24) | 0.978 | 0 |
| 26 | 5.1 Information about health consequences | BCTs | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.27) | 0.527 | 0 |
| 27 | 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior | BCTs | 0.02 (−0.19, 0.24) | 0.828 | 0 |
| 28 | 7.1 Prompts/cues | BCTs | −0.14 (−0.34, 0.06) | 0.172 | 0.12 |
| 29 | 10.4 Social reward | BCTs | −0.08 (−0.34, 0.17) | 0.527 | 0 |
| 30 | 12.5 Adding objects to the environment | BCTs | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.36) | 0.135 | 0.94 |
| 31 | Total number of BCTs | BCTs | −0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.998 | 0 |
Note: BC = behaviour change; BCT = behaviour change technique; HCP = healthcare professional.