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. 2024 Apr 8;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s13148-024-01660-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — DNA methylation aging is altered in schizophrenia independent from illness duration. Presented are results visualizing DNAm aging in SCZ for each clock: Hannum (left), Horvath (middle), and Levine (right). Cases are shown in blue and controls in black. A Correlation between DNAm age and chronological age. The Pearson’s correlation estimates and corresponding p-values are shown in the bottom corner. B Boxplots of Δage between cases and controls. β represents the mean change in Δage in cases compared to controls. C Relationship between Δage and illness duration with a regression line fitted. Illness duration was adjusted for cohort, age, and sex and the residuals plotted. β represents the change in Δage in cases per year of chronological age compared to controls. In (B–C), the meta-analytic coefficients and p-values are shown. All P-values are adjusted for multiple testing across clocks (n = 3)