Table 4.
Characteristics of 18 included studies for Question 2
| First author (year) [citation] | Design NHMRC | Critical appraisal | Country | Setting | Specialty | Condition | Type | Warranted or unwarranted | Intervention type | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y | N | NA or CD | |||||||||
| Adams (2014) [15] | Case series | 8 | 2 | 2 | USA | In-patient hospital | Gastroenterology | Gastrointestinal diseases | Malpractice claims | n/s | Communication and resolution program |
| Barragry (2016) [42] | Case series | 9 | 1 | 2 | Ireland | Primary care | General practice | Mixed | Complaint | n/s | Risk management program |
| Cardoso (2017) [31] | Other—Systematic review of non-RCTs | 9 | 2 | 5 | USA | Secondary care (specialist) | Obstetrics | Obstetrics and gynaecology | Malpractice claims | n/s | Communication and resolution program; Risk management program |
| Cosman (2011) [30] | Case series | 4 | 3 | 4 | USA | In-patient hospital | General surgery | n/a | Regulatory | n/s | Medical remediation program |
| Diraviam (2018) [32] | Case series | 3 | 5 | 4 | USA | In-patient hospital | Mixed | Mixed | Malpractice claims | n/s | Risk management program |
| Durand (2015) [44] | A systematic review of Level II studies | 11 | 2 | 3 | – | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Malpractice claims | n/s | Shared decision-making |
| Fustino (2019) [33] | Case series | 6 | 3 | 3 | USA | In-patient hospital | Mixed | Mixed | Complaint | n/s | Communication and resolution program |
| Juo (2019) [34] | Case series | 6 | 5 | 1 | USA | In-patient hospital | General surgery | n/a | Malpractice claims | n/s | Risk management program |
| Kachalia (2018) [13] | A comparative study with concurrent controls | 8 | 3 | 1 | USA | In-patient hospital | Mixed | Mixed | Malpractice litigation | n/s | Communication and resolution program |
| LeCraw (2018) [35] | Case series | 10 | 1 | 1 | USA | In-patient hospital | Mixed | Mixed | Malpractice claims | n/s | Communication and resolution program |
| Lillis (2014) [43] | Case series | 7 | 4 | 1 | New Zealand | Mixed | Mixed | n/a | Regulatory | n/s | Medical remediation program |
| Milne (2013) [40] | Case series | 6 | 5 | 1 | Canada | In-patient hospital | Mixed | Obstetrics and gynaecology | Malpractice claims | n/s | Risk management program |
| Nassiri (2019) [36] | Case series | 11 | 1 | 0 | USA | In-patient hospital | Otolaryngology | u/k | Complaint | n/s | Peer program |
| O'Brien (2014) [12] | Case series | 8 | 4 | 0 | UK | Mixed | Mixed | n/a | Mix | n/s | Medical remediation program |
| Pichert (2013) [25] | Case series | 11 | 1 | 0 | USA | In-patient hospital | Mixed | u/k | Complaint | n/s | Peer program |
| Raper (2017) [38] | Case series | 7 | 2 | 3 | USA | In-patient hospital | General surgery | Surgical | Malpractice claims | n/s | Risk management program |
| Schaffer (2021) [39] | Case series | 11 | 0 | 1 | USA | In-patient hospital | Obstetrics and gynaecology | Obstetrics and gynaecology | Malpractice claims | n/s | Simulation training |
| Wenghofer (2015) [41] | A comparative study with concurrent controls | 8 | 3 | 1 | Canada | Mixed | Mixed | n/a | Complaint | Warranted | Continuing professional development |
Acronyms: UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America, Y ‘Yes’, N ‘No’, NA ‘Not applicable’, CD ‘Cannot determine’, n/s not specified