Table 1.
Baseline study population characteristics by standing SBP < 110 mm Hg vs. standing SBP ≥ 110 mm Hg, mean (SD) or %
| Characteristics | Standing SBP < 110 mm Hg (N = 3,000) | Standing SBP ≥ 110 mm Hg (N = 9,467) |
Overall (N = 12,467) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 53.4 (5.7) | 54.4 (5.7) | 54.1 (5.8) |
| Female, % | 69 | 51 | 55 |
| Race-study center, % | |||
| Washington County (White) | 27 | 24 | 25 |
| Jackson (Black) | 9 | 27 | 23 |
| Minneapolis (White) | 28 | 25 | 26 |
| Forsyth County (Black) | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Forsyth County (White) | 34 | 20 | 23 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.6 (4.5) | 28.3 (5.4) | 27.6 (5.3) |
| Seated SBP, mm Hg | 105.0 (11.3) | 126.2 (18.0) | 121.1 (18.9) |
| Seated DBP, mm Hg | 65.5 (8.1) | 75.9 (10.8) | 73.4 (11.2) |
| Supine SBP, mm Hg | 106.6 (9.3) | 130.9 (18.8) | 125.1 (19.9) |
| Supine DBP, mm Hg | 64.8 (6.9) | 74.8 (9.3) | 72.4 (9.8) |
| Hypertension stage, % | |||
| Normotension | 75 | 40 | 48 |
| Stage 1 hypertension | 3 | 16 | 13 |
| Stage 2 (or treated) hypertension | 22 | 44 | 39 |
| Resting heart rate, beats per minute | 65.2 (9.5) | 67.2 (10.4) | 66.7 (10.2) |
| Standing SBP < 110 mm Hg, % | 100 | 0 | 24 |
| Orthostatic hypotension, % | 6 | 4 | 4 |
| History of coronary heart disease, % | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| History of heart failure, % | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| History of stroke, % | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 6 | 14 | 12 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 102.7 (12.5) | 101.1 (13.4) | 101.5 (13.2) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.3 (17.7) | 50.8 (17.0) | 51.6 (17.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 211.7 (40.1) | 215.2 (42.1) | 214.4 (41.6) |
| Baseline ASCVD risk ≥ 10% or prior CHD*, % | 13 | 32 | 27 |
| Leisure index, U | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) |
| Self-reported dizziness, % | 12 | 10 | 10 |
| Antihypertensive medication use**, % | 21 | 33 | 30 |
| Diuretic medication use, % | 12 | 19 | 17 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication use, % | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Antidepressant medication use, % | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Sedative medication use, % | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Hypnotic medication use, % | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Antipsychotic medication use, % | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Alcohol use, % | |||
| Never | 21 | 26 | 25 |
| Former | 18 | 19 | 19 |
| Current | 61 | 55 | 57 |
| Education attainment, % | |||
| Less than high school | 16 | 25 | 23 |
| High school degree or equivalent or vocational school | 43 | 41 | 41 |
| At least some college or professional school | 41 | 35 | 36 |
| Smoking status, % | |||
| Never | 40 | 42 | 41 |
| Former | 29 | 34 | 33 |
| Current | 31 | 25 | 26 |
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
*Sample size for ASCVD analysis is smaller (N = 12,463) due to missing low-density lipoprotein data.
**Antihypertensive medication use is within the last 2 weeks. Hypertension stages were defined as normotension SBP < 130 mm Hg/DBP < 80 mm Hg, Stage 1 hypertension SBP 130–139 mm Hg/DBP 80–89 mm Hg, and no antihypertension medication use, and stage 2 hypertension SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg/DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication use in the past 2 weeks (based on medication review).