Table 3.

Overview of the most important applications, the microorganisms and the immobilization techniques used

Application	Objective	Microorganisms	Immobilization technique	References
Production of bioproducts	Production with co-cultures	Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus	Multiphoton lithography	[113]
		Saccharomyces cerevisiae and E. coli	Direct-write extrusion printing	[122]
	Basic research	E. coli	Extrusion based bioprinting	[114]
		Undefined biomass-fungi mixture	Extrusion based bioprinting	[126]
	Hyaluronic acid production	Streptococcus zooepidemicus	Photocuring	[123]
	Calcium carbonate production	Synechococcus sp.	Extrusion based bioprinting	[124]
Artificial biofilm	Basic research	E. coli	Extrusion based bioprinting	[114, 116]
		E. coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis	Self-growing biofilms	[138]
	Development of novel printing technique	Pseudomonas putida and Acetobacter xylinum	Novel printing technique	[118]
		E. coli	Novel printing technique	[115]
	Development of a novel reactor	Clostridium acetobutylicum	Growing on carrier material	[141]
Biomedical application	Production of antibacterial wound dressings	E. coli, P. fluorescens, S. aureus and S. epidermidis	Fused filament fabrication	[148]
	Basic research	A. xylinum	Cell adhesion	[142]
Responsive devices	Development of wearble materials	E. coli	Direct writing and UV curing	[119]
	Basic research	Different fungi and bacteria in composites	Different types	[120]