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. 2024 Apr 9;14:8346. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59061-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Excitatory and inhibitory populations of c-Fos positive neurons in the preoptic area associated with nest-building and parenting. (a) Relative duration spent in nest-building, licking pups, other behaviors and inactive during the assay for each condition. No treatment (CON), fresh nest material exposure (NES), and pup exposure (PUP). (b–g) Representative distributions of c-Fos-positive, Vglut2- or Vgat-expressing neurons for CON, NES, and PUP conditions in the MPOA and LPOA. Red circles indicate c-Fos-positive cells expressing Vgat. Blue circles indicate c-Fos-positive cells expressing Vglut2. Black circles indicate c-Fos-positive cells that express neither Vgat nor Vglut2 and indicate c-Fos-positive cells that express both Vgat and Vglut2. Scale bars: 300 μm. (h, i) The number of c-Fos and Vgat double-positive cells in the MPOA (h) and LPOA (i) in CON, NES, and PUP groups. (j, k) The number of c-Fos and Vglut2 double-positive cells in the MPOA (j) and LPOA (k) in CON, NES, and PUP groups. (CON, n = 4; NES, n = 5; PUP, n = 6). Each p-value was adjusted by Holm's method after Welch's t-test. Data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m.