Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Unmatched | Matched | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral (n = 88) | Intravenous (n = 226) | aSMD | Oral (n = 71) | Intravenous (n = 102) | aSMD | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 72 (11) | 73 (12) | 0.028 | 73 (11) | 73 (12) | 0.022 |
| Male, n (%) | 50 (56.8) | 131 (58.0) | 0.023 | 41 (57.7) | 60 (58.8) | 0.028 |
| No ICU-admission code, n (%) | 31 (35.2) | 92 (40.7) | 0.112 | 28 (39.4) | 36 (35.3) | 0.089 |
| Nursing home resident, n (%) | 8 (9.1) | 32 (14.2) | 0.145 | 8 (11.3) | 14 (13.7) | 0.074 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 15 (17.0) | 48 (21.2) | 0.090 | 14 (19.7) | 19 (18.6) | 0.019 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 17 (19.3) | 40 (17.7) | 0.042 | 12 (16.9) | 19 (18.6) | 0.054 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (1.3) | 0.083 | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.0) | 0.095 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 25 (28.4) | 60 (26.5) | 0.042 | 21 (29.6) | 27 (26.5) | 0.063 |
| Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 39 (44.3) | 99 (43.8) | 0.010 | 32 (45.1) | 46 (45.1) | 0.028 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 9 (10.2) | 31 (13.7) | 0.101 | 9 (12.7) | 12 (11.8) | 0.093 |
| CCI, median [IQR] | 4 [3–6] | 5 [3–6] | 0.043 | 5 [3–6] | 4 [3–6] | 0.060 |
| Immunosuppressant use, n (%) | 17 (19.3) | 38 (16.8) | 0.067 | 14 (19.7) | 19 (18.6) | 0.018 |
| Recent antibiotic use, n (%) | 29 (33.0) | 60 (26.5) | 0.145 | 25 (35.2) | 26 (25.5) | 0.150 |
| Physical examination | ||||||
| Altered mental status, n (%) | 3 (3.4) | 47 (20.8) | 0.428 | 3 (4.2) | 5 (4.9) | 0.039 |
| HF (beats/minute), mean (SD) | 102 (18) | 110 (24) | 0.306 | 102 (19) | 106 (22) | 0.090 |
| Oxygen saturation (%), median [IQR] | 94 [91–96] | 93 [90–95] | 0.293 | 94 [91–96] | 94 [92–96] | 0.038 |
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | 11 (12.5) | 75 (33.2) | 0.439 | 11 (15.5) | 18 (17.6) | 0.064 |
| RR (breaths/minute), median [IQR] | 22 [18–26] | 26 [20–30] | 0.368 | 22 [18–26] | 24 [18–30] | 0.032 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 138 (29) | 129 (30) | 0.317 | 141 (29) | 137 (28) | 0.166 |
| Temperature (°C), mean (SD) | 38.4 (0.7) | 38.6 (1.1) | 0.159 | 38.5 (0.6) | 38.6 (1.0) | 0.081 |
| Additional diagnostics | ||||||
| Blood pH, median [IQR] | 7.46 [7.45–7.47] | 7.46 [7.43,7.48] | 0.184 | 7.46 [7.44–7.46] | 7.46 [7.44–7.47] | 0.052 |
| CRP (mg/L), median [IQR] | 67 [34–170] | 125 [47–268] | 0.370 | 76 [38–178] | 109 [44–196] | 0.030 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), median [IQR] | 7.1 [6.2–8.7] | 7.6 [6.6–9.4] | 0.233 | 7.3 [6.4–8.9] | 7.3 [6.2–9.0] | 0.011 |
| Hematocrit < 30%, n (%) | 6 (6.8) | 20 (8.8) | 0.072 | 4 (5.6) | 7 (6.9) | 0.000 |
| Sodium (mmol/L), median [IQR] | 137 [135–138] | 135 [132–138] | 0.316 | 136 [134–138] | 136 [133–138] | 0.068 |
| Urea (mmol/L), median [IQR] | 6.1 [4.9–7.7] | 7.8 [5.8–11.7] | 0.447 | 6.6 [5.1–8.7] | 6.2 [4.9–8.8] | 0.036 |
| WBCs (n × 10^9/L), median [IQR] | 11.8 [8.7–15.2] | 12.8 [8.8–17.8] | 0.280 | 11.9 [9.4–15.4] | 12.7 [8.9–16.6] | 0.183 |
| pO2 < 60 mmHg or SaO2 < 90%, n (%) | 20 (22.7) | 58 (25.7) | 0.067 | 14 (19.7) | 21 (20.6) | 0.034 |
| Pleural effusion on X-ray, n (%) | 16 (18.2) | 48 (21.2) | 0.075 | 13 (18.3) | 19 (18.6) | 0.000 |
| Pneumonia severity index (PSI) | ||||||
| PSI class | ||||||
| III, n (%) | 33 (37.5) | 43 (19.0) | 22 (31.0) | 26 (25.5) | ||
| IV, n (%) | 50 (56.8) | 121 (53.5) | 44 (62.0) | 62 (60.8) | ||
| V, n (%) | 5 (5.7) | 62 (27.4) | 5 (7.0) | 14 (13.7) | ||
| PSI score, median [IQR] | 96 [85–109] | 112 [94–133] | 0.748 | 97 [87–110] | 103 [90–118] | 0.219 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| 30-day mortality, n(%) | 4 (4.5) | 33 (14.6) | 4 (5.6) | 8 (7.8) | ||
| Admission, n (%) | 61 (69.3) | 226 (100.0) | 49 (69.0) | 102 (100.0) | ||
| ICU-admission, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 28 (12.4) | 1 (1.4) | 6 (5.9) | ||
| Readmission, n (%) | 5 (5.7) | 17 (7.5) | 4 (5.6) | 9 (8.8) | ||
Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching. Variables with an aSMD lower than 0.10 are considered to be balanced. aSMD absolute standardised mean difference, CCI charlson comorbidity index, CRP C-reactive protein, HF heart frequency, ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, RR respiratory rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, WBC white blood cells. The number of missing values for continuous variables in the unmatched oral group were RR (n = 6), SBP (n = 2), glucose (n = 1) and blood pH (n = 31), and for the unmatched intravenous group these were: RR (n = 7), glucose (n = 3), sodium (n = 1), urea (n = 3) and blood pH (n = 57).