Table 4.
Factors associated with neonatal mortality.
| Characteristic | Mortality, N (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 2,573 (45.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Male | 3,115 (55.0) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.114 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.410 |
| Thermal Category | |||||
| Normothermia | 2,266 (40.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Cold Stress | 1,500 (26.0) | 1.27 (1.18, 1.36) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.290 |
| Hypothermiaa | 1,940 (34.0) | 3.19 (2.96, 3.44) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.22, 1.50) | <0.001 |
| APGAR Score | |||||
| 7–10 | 2,532 (46.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| 0–3 | 646 (12.0) | 3.05 (2.93, 3.18) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.99, 2.24) | <0.001 |
| 4–6 | 2,301 (42.0) | 0.13 (0.12, 0.15) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.17, 0.22) | <0.001 |
| Birthweight | |||||
| 2,500–4,000 | 1,607 (29.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| <1,000 | 1,140 (20.0) | 64.32 (56.25, 73.55) | <0.001 | 39.3 (32.8, 47.1) | <0.001 |
| 1,000–1,499 | 1,440 (26.0) | 7.94 (7.36, 8.56) | <0.001 | 6.38 (5.73, 7.10) | <0.001 |
| 1,500–1,999 | 829 (15.0) | 1.76 (1.62, 1.9) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.69, 2.11) | <0.001 |
| 2,000–2,499 | 491 (8.8) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 0.032 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 0.036 |
| >4,000 | 68 (1.2) | 0.35 (0.28, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.49, 0.85) | 0.002 |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Spontaneous vertex (SVD) | 3,427 (60.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Breech | 283 (5.0) | 1.97 (1.74, 2.24) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.460 |
| Cesarean section (C/S) | 1,973 (34.7) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.840 |
| Hypoxia | |||||
| No | 3,501 (62.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 2,120 (38.0) | 2.49 (2.4, 2.6) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.50, 1.69) | <0.001 |
| Difficulty breathing | |||||
| No | 1,274 (23.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 4,207 (77.0) | 5.66 (5.32, 6.01) | <0.001 | 2.47 (2.25, 2.71) | <0.001 |
| Convulsions | |||||
| No | 5,107 (94.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 307 (5.7) | 1.85 (1.64, 2.08) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.41, 1.97) | <0.001 |
| Indrawing | |||||
| None/mild | 3,892 (72.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Severe | 1,401 (26.0) | 6.82 (6.36, 7.32) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.58, 1.97) | <0.001 |
| Sternum | 99 (1.8) | 14.21 (10.64, 18.97) | <0.001 | 3.00 (1.87, 4.81) | <0.001 |
| Grunting | |||||
| No | 3,409 (64.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Yes | 1,951 (36.0) | 5.14 (4.83, 5.46) | <0.001 | 2.21 (2.01, 2.42) | <0.001 |
cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Hypothermia, temperature below 36.0°C.