Table 2.

Studies that reported enablers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and handwashing practice to prevent and control COVID-19.

References	Title of paper	Country	Study design	Sample size (male)	Participants	Age [mean(sd)]	Dates of data collection	Outcome	Outcome definition	Main findings
Konje et al. (26)	The Coverage and Acceptance Spectrum of COVID-19 Vaccines among Healthcare Professionals in Western Tanzania: What Can We Learn from This Pandemic?	Tanzania	Cross-sectional study	811 (423)	Healthcare professionals of different cadres from health facilities in western Tanzania	35 (9.0) years	13 and 26 September 2021	Enablers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake	Cues for actions on improving COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health professionals	The key cues that were supported by almost half of health professionals include availability and provision of information, social support, and involvement of influential leaders during the advocacy campaign to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake. A majority of participants reported that engagement of government authority for the provision of vaccine information, involvement of public figures in advocacy of the vaccine, and support from close family members and friends would improve the vaccine’s uptake.
Mwai et al. (27)	Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene practices for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Kenya	Kenya	Cross-sectional survey	612 (181)	Household heads (men and women), residing in Kilifi and Mombasa counties	38.2 (14.8) years	25 November and 3 December 2020,	Enablers to handwashing	Factors that promoted handwashing and factors that hindered handwashing practices	The housed holds indicated that the information received was on water use (53.6%), hygiene (42.6%), hand washing (39.2%) and the use of soap (33.3%)
Mghamba et al. (42)	Compliance to infection prevention and control interventions for slowing down COVID-19 in early phase of disease transmission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Tanzania	Cross-sectional study	390 (195)	Community members in business areas, bars and bus stands	34.8 (11.2) years	April and May 2020	Enablers of handwashing practices	Proportion of people who have received information about hand hygiene	98.4% of the respondents reported to have been informed on how to effectively wash their hands using water and soap or alcohol-based sanitizers
Macharia et al. (43)	An empirical assessment of the factors influencing acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine uptake between Kenyan and Hungarian residing populations: A cross-sectional study	Kenya and other country	Cross sectional study	1,528 (NA)	Participants currently residing in Kenya having adopted the COVID-19, WHO guidelines and protocols at an early stage of the pandemic	31.9 (9.3) years	April to August 2021	Community public awareness	Proportion of participants receiving public awareness at community level	63.7% of the participants confirmed to have received any form of public awareness at the community level, regarding the importance of the newly developed vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Kabagenyi et al. (29)	Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Uganda: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey	Uganda	Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey	1,042 (462)	Adults ages 18 and above from rural and urban settings	40 (NA) years	June to November 2021	Demographic and socio-economic factors and COVID-19 awareness factors	Age, gender, place of residence and household size of the study participants.	Odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy reduced as: education level increased, access to more sources of information, as well as having knowledge on the ways of transmitting the virus. Relatedly, male sex were less likely to be hesitant.
Abu and Elliott (32)	The critical need for WASH in emergency preparedness in health settings, the case of COVID-19 pandemic in Kisumu Kenya	Kenya	Qualitative case study design	15 (10)	County government officials and eight were NGO officials	40 (14) years	August and September 2020	Vaccine and Handwashing practices	Level of preparedness of accessing handwashing	All participants indicated the healthcare system was ill-prepared for the pandemic. Health care workers experienced such severe psychosocial impacts due to the lack of preparedness that they subsequently embarked on strikes in protest.
Rego et al. (33)	COVID-19 vaccination refusal trends in Kenya over 2021	Kenya	Longitudinal rapid response phone surveys	11,569 (5,432)	Household cohort survey representative of the Kenyan population including refugees		February and October 2021	Reduction in vaccination refusal	Factors associated with decreased vaccination refusal	Having an education beyond the primary level was associated with a 4.1[0.7,8.9] reduction in vaccination refusal.
Bono et al. (35)	Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: An International Survey among Lowand Middle-Income Countries	Uganda	Descriptive cross-sectional study	107 (55)	Individuals 18 years and older who provided informed consent to participate in this study.	33.79 (8.84)years	10 December 2020 to 9 February 2021	Vaccine acceptance`	Factors associated with vaccine acceptance	Vaccine acceptance was positively associated with COVID-19 knowledge, worry/fear regarding COVID-19, higher income, younger age, and testing negative for COVID-19.
Echoru et al. (44)	Sociodemographic factors associated with acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and clinical trials in Uganda: a cross-sectional study in western Uganda	Uganda	Cross-sectional study	1,067 (781)	Adults of 18 to 70 years of age who had smartphones, and were capable of reading or using the Internet.	18–70 years	July to September 2020	Vaccine acceptance	Promoters of vaccine acceptancy	Those who ended at the tertiary level of education and students were more likely to accept the vaccine (OR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.25–6.11; P = 0.009).
Kanyike et al. (37)	Acceptance of the coronavirus disease2019 vaccine among medical students in Uganda	Uganda	Online, descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach	600 (377)	Medical students pursuing undergraduate degree programs of choice.	≥ 18 years	Monday 15 March and Sunday 21 March 2021	Factors promoting vaccine uptake	Enablers to vaccine uptake	The major reasons for acceptance were to protect oneself (n = 191, 85.3%) and others (n = 142, 63.4%) from COVID-19.
Wafula et al. (38)	Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 and adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 prior to the second wave of the pandemic in Uganda: a cross-sectional study	Uganda	Nationwide cross-sectional survey	1,053 (651)	Adults 18 years and older with access to cell phones and who had been residents in the study district for at least 6 months.	34 (18–80) years	March 2021	Reasons for intending to get vaccinated	Enablers to vaccine uptake	Concerns about the chances of getting COVID-19 in the future and fear of severe COVID-19 infection were the strongest predictors for a definite intention

COVID-19, coronavirus disease 19; NGO, non-governmental organization; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.