FIGURE 1.

PA extends the lifespan of C. elegans and enhances its health. (A) The chemical structure of PA is depicted. (B) Survival curves of wild-type N2 worms at 20°C with or without different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µM) of PA are shown. (C) Survival curves of wild-type N2 worms treated with or without 200 μM PA at 20°C are presented; statistical analysis indicated significant differences between the groups (p < 0.001, log-rank test). (D) The mean lifespan of N2 nematodes was measured after treatment with various concentrations of PA. (E,F) The lipofuscin content in nematodes treated with a concentration of 200 μM PA; the relative fluorescence intensity was calculated using ImageJ software and is presented. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the groups (mean ± SD, n ≥ 30; ***p < 0.001; t-test). (G,H) Quantification results for body bends and pharyngeal pump times in wild-type N2 worms are provided; statistical analysis shows statistically significant differences (mean ± SD, n ≥ 30; *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001; t-test). (I) Movement patterns observed in wild-type N2 worms with or without a concentration of 200 μM PA at a temperature of 20°C are categorized into three types: motion A represents spontaneous activity; motion B corresponds to physical movement after prodding by metal wire stimulation; and motion C denotes only simple head or tail movement in response to stimulation.