Table 2. The total sleep time (TST), light sleep (LS), deep sleep (DS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP versus polysomnography.
| Wearable and paper | TST (min) | LS (min) | DS (min) | REM sleep (min) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | P value | ||
| Fitbit Charge 4 | |||||||||
| Doheny et al [33] | 23 (N/Aa) | N/A | 37.5 (N/A) | N/A | −12.5 (N/A) | N/A | 11.5 (N/A) | N/A | |
| Renerts et al [34] | 5 (26.8) | N/A | N/A | N/A | −4.1 (21.8) | N/A | 5.21 (22.35) | N/A | |
| Dong et al [18] | −11.0 (N/A) | .16 | 37.69 (N/A) | .001 | −41.38 (N/A) | <.0001 | −4.7 (N/A) | .44 | |
| Mean | 5.67 (N/A) | N/A | 37.6 (N/A) | N/A | −19.33 (N/A) | N/A | 4 (N/A) | N/A | |
| Garmin Vivosmart 4 | |||||||||
| Mouritzen et al [29] | 27.8 (29.5) | .001 | 36.5 (71.7) | .045 | 13.4 (98.1) | .57 | −22.1 (54.7) | .11 | |
| Stone et al [30] | 66 (N/A) | .06 | 19.8 (N/A) | 1 | 33.6 (N/A) | 1 | −3 (N/A) | 1 | |
| Mean | 46.9 (N/A) | N/A | 28 (N/A) | N/A | 23.5 (N/A) | N/A | −12.55 (N/A) | N/A | |
| WHOOP | |||||||||
| Stone et al [30] | 16.2 | .61 | −10.2 | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
| Miller et al [31] | 8.2 (32.9) | .54 | −3.7 (44.4) | .62 | −3.7 (26.4) | .33 | 15.6 (39.7) | .01 | |
| Miller et al [32] | −17.8 (61.1) | N/A | −8.9 (55.9) | <.05 | −15.5 (30.1) | <.001 | 6.5 (39.5) | N/A | |
| Miller et al [22] | −12.2 (36.3) | N/A | −15.6 (50.7) | N/A | −19.6 (34.3) | N/A | 22.9 (45.4) | N/A | |
| Mean | −1.4 (N/A) | N/A | −9.6 (N/A) | N/A | −9.25 (N/A) | N/A | 12.75 (N/A) | N/A | |
a
N/A: not applicable.