TABLE 1.
Genetic diversity and fluctuations in population demography at the mtDNA control region and 12 autosomal microsatellite loci among 13 populations/aggregations of brant in North America.
| Population/ecological stock | Map | Mitochondrial DNA | Microsatellites | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | H | PH | h (SD) | π (SD) | F S | D | N | A | AR | PA | H O (SD) | H E (SD) | F IS | DC a | ||
| B. bernicla hrota | ||||||||||||||||
| Atlantic Brant | ||||||||||||||||
| Baffin Island, Canada | BAF | 54 | 23 | 10 | 0.917 (0.025) | 0.0118 (0.0068) | −11.7 | −1.2 | 60 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 3 | 0.332 (0.018) | 0.350 (0.088) | 0.051 | Hdef |
| Southampton Island, Canada | SH | 30 | 18 | 4 | 0.963 (0.016) | 0.0181 (0.0101) | −5.9 | 0.1 | 59 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 0 | 0.345 (0.018) | 0.348 (0.085) | 0.009 | Hdef |
| Eastern High Arctic Brant | ||||||||||||||||
| Ireland (wintering) | IRE | 7 | 4 | 3 | 0.809 (0.130) | 0.0095 (0.0065) | 0.5 | −0.2 | 7 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.401 (0.054) | 0.377 (0.083) | −0.071 | Eq |
| Iceland (spring migrants) | ICE | 25 | 19 | 14 | 0.970 (0.022) | 0.0222 (0.0121) | −8.1 | 0.2 | 59 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 2 | 0.365 (0.018) | 0.369 (0.089) | 0.010 | Hdef |
| Bathurst Island, Canada | BI | 12 | 8 | 6 | 0.924 (0.058) | 0.0149 (0.0089) | −1.5 | −0.3 | 13 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 0 | 0.372 (0.039) | 0.373 (0.097) | 0.002 | Eq |
| B. bernicla nigricans | ||||||||||||||||
| Pacific Black Brant | ||||||||||||||||
| Liverpool Bay, Canada | LB | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | 17 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.411 (0.035) | 0.429 (0.082) | 0.042 | Hdef |
| North Slope, Alaska b | NS | 65 | 26 | 13 | 0.886 (0.031) | 0.0247 (0.0130) | −5.5 | 0.9 | 95 | 6.6 | 3.1 | 1 | 0.407 (0.015) | 0.417 (0.085) | 0.024 | Hdef |
| Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska c | YKD | 121 | 31 | 23 | 0.644 (0.052) | 0.0102 (0.0059) | −18.8 | −0.8 | 131 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 2 | 0.422 (0.013) | 0.432 (0.084) | 0.024 | Hdef |
| Lena River Delta, Russia | LRD | 9 | 8 | 7 | 0.972 (0.064) | 0.0270 (0.0157) | −1.6 | 0.5 | 10 | 6.9 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.422 (0.013) | 0.432 (0.084) | −0.042 | Eq |
| Western High Arctic Brant | ||||||||||||||||
| Melville Island, Canada (breeders) | MEL‐B | 16 | 15 | 1 | 0.992 (0.025) | 0.0394 (0.0211) | −5.9 | 0.9 | 36 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.350 (0.023) | 0.380 (0.092) | 0.081 | Eq |
| Melville Island, Canada (molting) | MEL‐M | 6 | 5 | 3 | 0.933 (0.122) | 0.0237 (0.0150) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 51 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.378 (0.023) | 0.387 (0.090) | 0.025 | Eq |
| Prince Patrick Island, Canada (molting) | PP | 32 | 18 | 8 | 0.929 (0.028) | 0.0351 (0.0182) | −1.9 | 1.3 | 53 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 1 | 0.385 (0.019) | 0.391 (0.088) | 0.016 | Hdef |
| B. bernicla bernicla | ||||||||||||||||
| Terschelling, The Netherlands | TER | 9 | 7 | 7 | 0.917 (0.092) | 0.0122 (0.0077) | −2.0 | −0.2 | 13 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.404 (0.039) | 0.399 (0.093) | −0.011 | Eq |
Note: Comparative data from brant of Europe (Terschelling) and eastern Russia (LRD) are shown. Mitochondrial DNA: H = number of haplotypes observed; PH = number of private haplotypes; h = haplotype diversity; π = nucleotide diversity; F S = Fu's F S; D = Tajima's D. Microsatellites: A = average number of alleles; AR = allelic richness: PA = number of private alleles; H O = observed heterozygosity; H E = expected heterozygosity; F IS = inbreeding coefficient and variance in parentheses; DC = demographic change analysis under the stepwise mutation model. Values that are significantly different from zero are in bold text. Map refers to population abbreviations in Figure 1.
Significant heterozygote deficiency (Hdef) indicates population growth; non‐significant population estimates indicate population equilibrium (Eq).
Includes sampling from Alaska, USA: Colville River Delta, Ugnuravik and Oliktok rivers, Teshekpuk Lake, Utqiagvik, and Prudhoe Bay.
Includes sampling from Alaska USA: Kokechik Bay, Tutakoke River, Kigigak Island and Baird Inlet.