Table 5.

Effects of pistachio green hull aqueous extract and Eimeria challenge on the jejunum morphology at 42 d of age.

Main effects	Jejunum morphology Features
PHE levels (ppm)	VH (µm)	VW (µm)	CD (µm)	VH: CD	MT (µm)	VSA (mm2)
0	1,176.65	148.63	261.36	4.50	269.50	0.55
200	1,185.52	147.00	259.27	4.57	268.65	0.55
300	1,175.36	149.18	258.72	4.55	269.42	0.55
400	1,166.07	148.25	257.91	4.52	266.41	0.54
SEM	15.691	1.313	1.529	0.072	1.263	0.009
Eimeria challenge
(-)	1,215.70a	149.25	259.63	4.69a	267.09b	0.57a
(+)	1,136.08b	147.21	259.00	4.39b	269.92a	0.53b
SEM	11.095	0.928	1.081	0.051	0.893	0.006
Interaction effects
0 × (-)	1,221.00	149.32	260.15	4.69	266.50	0.57
200 × (-)	1,242.84	147.50	259.17	4.80	267.33	0.58
300 × (-)	1,200.15	150.50	260.15	4.62	268.67	0.57
400 × (-)	1,198.80	149.67	259.00	4.63	265.84	0.56
0 × (+)	1,132.33	148.00	262.50	4.31	272.50	0.53
200 × (+)	1,128.16	146.51	259.35	4.35	270.00	0.52
300 × (+)	1,150.51	147.49	257.32	4.48	270.16	0.53
400 × (+)	1,133.36	146.83	256.80	4.42	267.00	0.52
SEM	22.190	1.857	2.162	0.102	1.786	0.012
P value
PHE levels	0.856	0.723	0.447	0.910	0.288	0.942
Eimeria challenge	<.0001	0.128	0.685	0.0002	0.030	<.0001
PHE levels × Eimeria challenge	0.493	0.928	0.623	0.419	0.521	0.844
Linear (PHE levels at (-))	0.204	0.659	0.805	0.380	0.933	0.557
Quadratic (PHE levels at (-))	0.540	0.804	0.971	0.638	0.306	0.809
Linear (PHE levels at (+))	0.825	0.746	0.055	0.404	0.059	0.966
Quadratic (PHE levels at (+))	0.799	0.810	0.530	0.660	0.857	0.923

Abbreviations: PHE, pistachio green hull aqueous extract; VH, villus height; VW, villus width; CD, crypt depth; VH: CD, villus height to crypt depth ratio; MT, muscle thickness; VSA, villus surface area; (-), unchallenged groups; (+), challenged groups; SEM, Standard error of the mean.

^a,bMeans within a column without a common superscript significantly differ (P < 0.05).