Table I.
Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics for the entire cohort.
| Characteristics | All (n=155) | STH (n=81) | ANH (n=44) | ABT (n=30) | P-value (STH vs. ANH) | P-value (ANH vs. ABT) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 79 (51.0) | 34 (42.0) | 29 (65.9) | 16 (53.3) | 0.021 | 0.553 |
| Age, years | 70 (49–85) | 71 (50–85) | 67 (49–78) | 71 (50–80) | 0.026 | 0.835 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.3 (14.1–36.3) | 22.0 (15.8–29.5) | 22.8 (14.1–33.3) | 24.2 (16.4–36.3) | 0.715 | 0.362 |
| ASA-PS | 0.354b | 0.415b | ||||
| PS2 | 126 (81.3) | 64 (79.0) | 39 (88.6) | 23 (76.7) | ||
| PS3 | 29 (18.7) | 17 (21.0) | 5 (11.4) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| Preoperative biliary drainage | 53 (34.2) | 22 (27.2) | 18 (40.9) | 13 (43.3) | 0.231 | >0.999 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.7 (7.2–16.5) | 12.7 (7.2–15.9) | 13.8 (10.8–16.3) | 11.6 (8.8–16.5) | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 0.12 (0.02–9.59) | 0.10 (0.02–9.59) | 0.31 (0.02–6.50) | 0.23 (0.02–4.91) | 0.010 | 0.857 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.9 (2.0–5.7) | 3.9 (2.5–5.7) | 4.1 (2.4–4.9) | 3.8 (2.0–4.5) | 0.573 | 0.024 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.1 (4.4–12.8) | 6.1 (4.4–12.8) | 6.4 (4.4–11.9) | 5.9 (4.7–8.7) | >0.999 | 0.292 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.67 (0.40–2.02) | 0.66 (0.43–2.02) | 0.70 (0.41–1.30) | 0.67 (0.40–1.43) | 0.636 | >0.999 |
| AST, U/l | 29 (11–406) | 27 (13–406) | 27 (11–241) | 52 (12–260) | >0.999 | 0.051 |
| ALT, U/l | 35 (9–627) | 25 (9–621) | 33 (12–616) | 68 (9–627) | 0.420 | 0.158 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.7 (0.2–32.7) | 0.6 (0.2–32.7) | 0.8 (0.2–24.0) | 2.6 (0.3–24.1) | 0.066 | 0.391 |
| CA19-9, U/ml | 92 (1–9,675) | 57 (1–3,199) | 118 (5–9,675) | 135 (1–6,370) | 0.345 | 0.969 |
| CEA, ng/ml | 2.7 (0.5–37.0) | 2.8 (0.6–37.0) | 2.5 (0.5–23.9) | 3.6 (0.5–10.5) | 0.776 | 0.238 |
| Operative variables | ||||||
| Procedure | 0.178b | 0.044b | ||||
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 95 (61.3) | 39 (48.1) | 30 (68.2) | 26 (86.7) | ||
| Distal pancreatectomy | 52 (33.5) | 37 (45.7) | 13 (29.5) | 2 (6.7) | ||
| Total pancreatectomy | 8 (5.2) | 5 (6.2) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (6.7) | ||
| Portal vein resection | 25 (16.1) | 8 (9.9) | 8 (18.2) | 9 (30.0) | 0.369 | 0.471 |
| Grouping of surgeons | >0.999b | 0.890b | ||||
| Junior surgeon | 10 (6.5) | 6 (7.4) | 1 (2.3) | 3 (10.0) | ||
| Senior surgeon | 145 (93.5) | 75 (92.6) | 43 (97.7) | 27 (90.0) | ||
| Pathology | ||||||
| Tumor size, mm | 30 (7–150) | 29 (7–150) | 33 (10–130) | 35 (15–57) | 0.753 | >0.999 |
| UICC 8th edition | ||||||
| T category | 0.726b | 0.620b | ||||
| T1 | 20 (12.9) | 10 (12.3) | 8 (18.2) | 2 (6.7) | ||
| T2 | 92 (59.4) | 51 (63.0) | 22 (50.0) | 19 (63.3) | ||
| T3 | 43 (27.7) | 20 (24.7) | 14 (31.8) | 9 (30.0) | ||
| T4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| N category | 0.473 | 0.749 | ||||
| N0 | 62 (40.0) | 38 (46.9) | 17 (38.6) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| N1 | 58 (37.4) | 31 (38.3) | 15 (34.1) | 12 (40.0) | ||
| N2 | 35 (22.6) | 12 (14.8) | 12 (27.3) | 11 (36.7) | ||
| M category | 0.065b | 0.263b | ||||
| M0 | 144 (92.9) | 78 (96.3) | 37 (84.1) | 29 (96.7) | ||
| M1a | 11 (7.1) | 3 (3.7) | 7 (15.9) | 1 (3.3) | ||
| UICC stage | 0.018b | 0.179b | ||||
| IA | 12 (7.7) | 6 (7.4) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (3.3) | ||
| IB | 24 (15.5) | 17 (21.0) | 3 (6.8) | 4 (13.3) | ||
| IIA | 12 (7.7) | 4 (4.9) | 7 (15.9) | 1 (3.3) | ||
| IIB | 72 (46.5) | 41 (50.6) | 15 (34.1) | 16 (53.3) | ||
| III | 24 (15.5) | 10 (12.3) | 7 (15.9) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| IV | 11 (87.1) | 3 (3.7) | 7 (15.9) | 1 (3.3) | ||
| R0 resection | 141 (91.0) | 75 (92.6) | 38 (86.4) | 28 (93.3) | 0.683 | 0.921 |
All of the patients were diagnosed with M1 due to positive lymph nodes other than the regional lymph nodes. Continuous variables are presented as the median (range) and were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables are reported as the number (percentage) and were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.
Fisher's exact test was performed, while other comparisons for categorical variables were carried out using the χ2 test. All P-values presented were corrected using Bonferroni adjustments. ABT, allogeneic blood transfusion; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANH, acute normovolemic hemodilution; ASA-PS, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CRP, C-reactive protein; STD, standard management; UICC, Union for International Cancer Control.