Table II.
Comparison of operative and postoperative outcomes for the entire cohort.
| Outcomes | All (n=155) | STH (n=81) | ANH (n=44) | ABT (n=30) | P-value (STH vs. ANH) | P-value (ANH vs. ABT) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operative results | ||||||
| Operation time, min | 307 (91–647) | 250 (91–619) | 346 (129–587) | 368 (127–647) | <0.001 | 0.206 |
| Anesthesia time, min | 372 (172–757) | 317 (172–676) | 405 (187–680) | 429 (209–757) | <0.001 | 0.327 |
| Intraoperative blood loss, ml | 750 (50–5,600) | 420 (50–2,400) | 983 (150–2,775) | 1,940 (540–5,600) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative blood loss, ml/kg | 14.1 (0.8–77.6) | 7.9 (0.8–42.6) | 18.3 (2.3–39.0) | 29.5 (13.9–77.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| IBL >20% in CBV | 78 (50.3) | 20 (24.7) | 29 (65.9) | 29 (96.7) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Blood volume removed, ml | 0 (0–800) | 0 (0–0) | 800 (400–800) | 0 (0–800) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative fluid | 3,600 (200–9,000) | 2,850 | 4,150 | 4,688 | <0.001 | >0.999 |
| given, ml | (1,300–7,500) | (2,500–7,300) | (200–9,000) | |||
| Intraoperative albumin, ml | 0 (0–1,250) | 0 (0–500) | 0 (0–1,000) | 500 (0–1,250) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative RBC, ml | 0 (0–1,400) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 560 (80–1,400) | - | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative FFP, ml | 0 (0–960) | 0 (0–480) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–960) | >0.999 | <0.001 |
| Intraoperative PC, ml | 0 (0–200) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–200) | - | 0.169 |
| Total fluid volume | 3,900 | 2,850 | 4,975 | 5,885 | <0.001 | 0.411 |
| administered, ml | (1,300–11,510) | (1,300–8,000) | (2,950–8,850) | (2,530–11,510) | ||
| Intraoperative urine output, ml | 480 (20–3,800) | 420 (56–1,550) | 545 (20–1,750) | 598 (70–3,800) | 0.080 | >0.999 |
| Total in-out balance, ml | 2,300 | 1,880 | 2,735 | 3,072 | <0.001 | >0.999 |
| Total in-out balance, | (410–7,714) | (485–5,500) | (1,190–4,700) | (410–7,714) | ||
| ml/kg/ha | 6.7 (1.2–13.9) | 6.4 (1.8–12.4) | 6.7 (3.2–13.9) | 7.2 (1.2–13.7) | 0.627 | >0.999 |
| Postoperative results | ||||||
| Postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification grade ≥3) | 27 (17.4) | 6 (7.4) | 11 (25.0) | 10 (33.3) | 0.012 | 0.870 |
| Pancreatic fistula | 24 (15.5) | 7 (8.6) | 9 (20.4) | 8 (26.7) | 0.118 | >0.999 |
| (ISGPF grade ≥B) | ||||||
| Delayed gastric emptying | 17 (11.0) | 7 (8.6) | 6 (13.6) | 4 (13.3) | 0.756 | >0.999b |
| (ISGPS grade ≥B) | ||||||
| Postoperative hospital | 19 (6–73) | 17 (7–73) | 22 (6–64) | 31 (10–57) | 0.007 | 0.585 |
| stay, days | ||||||
| 90-day mortality | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | - |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 122 (80.3) | 64 (80.0) | 34 (79.1) | 24 (82.8) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
Estimated using the following formula: Total in-out balance/body weight (kg)/anesthesia time (h). Continuous variables are presented as the median (range) and were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables are reported as the number (percentage) and were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.
Fisher's exact test was performed, while other comparisons for categorical variables were carried out using the χ2 test. All P-values presented were corrected using Bonferroni adjustments. ABT, allogeneic blood transfusion; ANH, acute normovolemic hemodilution; CBV, circulating blood volume; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; IBL, intraoperative blood loss; ISGPF, International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula; ISGPS, International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery; PC, platelet concentration; RBC, red blood cells; STD, standard management.