Comparison 4. Facemask (RME) or modified facemask versus other non‐surgical appliance.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
4.1 Overjet	4	136	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.96 [‐0.12, 2.04]
4.1.1 Mini maxillary protractor	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐1.52, 1.40]
4.1.2 Pushing Splints	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [‐0.37, 1.97]
4.1.3 Modified tandem appliance	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.28 [1.35, 3.21]
4.1.4 Reverse Forsus	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [‐0.90, 1.82]
4.2 ANB	8	285	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [‐0.54, 0.77]
4.2.1 Mini maxillary protractor	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.75 [‐1.49, ‐0.01]
4.2.2 Pushing Splints	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.40 [0.29, 2.51]
4.2.3 Modified tandem appliance	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.25 [‐0.39, 0.89]
4.2.4 Reverse Forsus	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.59 [0.80, 2.38]
4.2.5 Reverse Twin Block with lip pads and rapid maxillary expander	1	26	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.04 [‐2.07, ‐0.01]
4.2.6 Reverse chin cup	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.20 [‐0.71, 1.11]
4.2.7 Tongue plate appliance	1	47	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.60 [‐1.41, 0.21]
4.2.8 Frankel III functional appliance	1	34	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐1.29, 1.07]
4.3 Wits appraisal	3	102	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.31, 0.30]
4.3.1 Reverse Twin Block with lip pads and rapid maxillary expander	1	26	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.85 [‐3.18, ‐0.52]
4.3.2 Frankel III functional appliance	1	34	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.06 [‐0.26, 0.38]
4.3.3 Pushing Splints	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.70 [‐0.60, 2.00]