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Alpha diversity (Shannon Effective) over time after birth (3 days [3d] 3 months [3 m], 6 months [6 m], and 9 months [9 m]) for the two groups; mothers treated with placebo (red) or probiotics (blue). There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in alpha diversity over time for both groups, but the two groups were not significantly different from each other at any of the specific time points (Wilcoxon rank sum tests).
