Table 1.
Characteristics of the infants of mothers treated with probiotics or placebo during pregnancy included in the study.
| Probiotics (n=24) |
Placebo (n=23) |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
N, (%) |
mean |
N, (%) |
mean |
n |
| Male sex | 12 (50%) | 12 (52%) | 24 | ||
| Cesarean delivery | 10 (42%) | 4 (17%) | 14 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 14 (58%) | 19 (83%) | 33 | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3414 | 3638 | |||
| Weight at 3 d (g) | 3222 | 3392 | |||
| Weight at 3 months (g) | 6121 | 6380 | |||
| Weight at 6 months (g) | 7995 | 8352 | |||
| Weight at 9 months (g) | 9690 | 9852 | |||
| Gestation (d) | 274 | 279 | |||
| Premature infants | 4 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 4 | ||
| Food just after birth, breastmilk exclusively | 19 (79%) | 18 (78%) | 37 | ||
| Food just after birth, formula exclusively | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 | ||
| Food just after birth, combination | 3 (13%) | 5 (22%) | 8 | ||
| Food at 3 months, breastmilk exclusively | 10 (42%) | 17 (74%) | 27 | ||
| Food at 3 months, formula exclusively | 7 (29%) | 2 (9%) | 9 | ||
| Food at 3 months, combination | 7 (29%) | 4 (17%) | 11 | ||
| Solid food introduced after 3 months but before 6 months | 22 (92%) | 19 (83%) | 41 | ||
| Solid food introduced after 6 months | 2 (8%) | 4 (17%) | 6 | ||
| Food at 6 months, breastmilk exclusively | 2 (8%) | 6 (26%) | 8 | ||
| Food at 6 months, formula exclusively | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 3 | ||
| Food at 6 months, combination (breastmilk + formula) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1 | ||
| Food at 6 months, breastmilk + solid foods | 5 (21%) | 8 (35%) | 13 | ||
| Food at 6 months, formula + solid foods | 12 (50%) | 5 (22%) | 17 | ||
| Food at 6 months, breastmilk + formula + solid foods | 2 (8%) | 3 (13%) | 5 | ||
| Food at 9 months, breastmilk + formula | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1 | ||
| Food at 9 months, breastmilk + solid foods | 5 (21%) | 11 (48%) | 16 | ||
| Food at 9 months, formula + solid foods | 14 (58%) | 8 (35%) | 22 | ||
| Food at 9 months, breastmilk + formula + solid foods | 3 (13%) | 4 (17%) | 7 | ||
| Atopic dermatitis | 2 (8%) | 2 (9%) | 4 | ||
| Colic | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 | ||
| Allergy | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 1 | ||
| Infant antibiotic intake | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 | ||
| Mothers who got antibiotics during pregnancy | 6 (25%) | 5 (22%) | 11 | ||
| Maternal antibiotics during the delivery of the child | 18 (75%) | 14 (61%) | 32 | ||
| Maternal antibiotics after the infant was born between 3 d and 9 months after birth | 10 (42%) | 10 (43%) | 20 | ||
Notes: This table excludes the three participants who failed to complete all the after-birth visits but includes the infants that were prematurely born, receiving probiotics and antibiotics, respectively.
Abbreviations: G: gram; n: number.