Table 3.
Knowledge and practices about infant physical activity and healthy feeding from primary caregivers: baseline versus final line (NUTRES, 2020-21).a
| Knowledge and practice | Baseline | Final line | ||||||
| Comparison group (n=264) | Intervention group (n=230) | P value | Comparison group (n=175), % | Intervention group (n=159), % | P value | |||
| Physical activity (PAb), n/N (%) |
|
|
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| Main benefits of PA identified | 177/264 (67.0) | 158/230 (68.7) | .43 | 135/171 (78.9) | 137/157 (87.3) | .09 | ||
| Strengthens muscles and bones | 103/177 (58.2) | 91/158 (57.6) | .92 | 76/135 (56.3) | 76/137 (55.5) | .89 | ||
| Strengthens the immune system | 45/177 (25.4) | 21/158 (13.3) | .17 | 28/135 (20.7) | 19/137 (13.9) | .16 | ||
| Improves cognitive function, school performance, or both | 42/177 (23.7) | 43/158 (27.2) | .55 | 30/135 (22.2) | 30/137 (21.9) | .94 | ||
| Promotes relaxation and well-being and improves sleep patterns | 11/177 (6.2) | 17/158 (10.8) | .18 | 15/135 (11.1) | 19/137 (13.9) | .56 | ||
| Helps to prevent chronic diseases | 44/177 (24.9) | 26/158 (16.5) | .07 | 25/135 (18.5) | 37/137 (27.0) | .09 | ||
| Helps to improve chronic disease control | 35/177 (19.8) | 21/158 (13.3) | .32 | 16/135 (11.9) | 19/137 (13.9) | .62 | ||
| Helps to avoid anxiety/depression | 3/177 (1.7) | 4/158 (2.5) | .67 | 3/135 (2.2) | 4/137 (2.9) | .70 | ||
| Promotes socialization and social interaction | 12/177 (6.8) | 14/158 (8.9) | .47 | 8/135 (5.9) | 20/137 (14.6) | .048 | ||
| Promotes water consumption (improves hydration) | 1/177 (0.6) | —c | .34 | 1/135 (0.7) | 3/137 (2.2) | .33 | ||
| Others (less constipation, promotes growth, gives them energy, they express themselves better) | 16/177 (9.0) | 16/158 (10.1) | .83 | 6/135 (4.4) | 4/137 (2.9) | .56 | ||
| Do not know/answer | 1/177 (0.6) | — | .36 | 1/135 (0.7) | 2/137 (1.5) | .53 | ||
| Main consequences of not doing PA | 179/264 (67.8) | 149/230 (64.8) | .83 | 132/171 (77.2) | 129/157 (82.2) | .38 | ||
| Decreased flexibility and weak muscles/bones | 39/179 (21.8) | 41/149 (27.5) | .32 | 31/132 (23.5) | 40/129 (31.0) | .30 | ||
| Weak immune system | 32/179 (17.9) | 18/149 (12.1) | .40 | 25/132 (18.9) | 19/129 (14.7) | .38 | ||
| Poor cognitive function/school performance | 9/179 (5.0) | 11/149 (7.4) | .48 | 20/132 (15.2) | 12/129 (9.3) | .18 | ||
| Stress, annoyance, sadness, and insomnia | 11/179 (6.1) | 14/149 (9.4) | .31 | 10/132 (7.6) | 12/129 (9.3) | .55 | ||
| Increased risk of chronic disease | 131/179 (73.2) | 92/149 (61.7) | .17 | 79/132 (59.8) | 85/129 (65.9) | .37 | ||
| Increased risk of anxiety or depression | 4/179 (2.2) | 13/149 (8.7) | .02 | 4/132 (3.0) | 9/129 (7.0) | .14 | ||
| Less socialization and social interaction | 9/179 (5.0) | 16/149 (10.7) | .11 | 13/132 (9.8) | 18/129 (13.9) | .42 | ||
| Others (fatigue, poor oxygenation, become lazy, or sedentary) | 8/179 (4.5) | 10/149 (6.7) | .49 | 3/132 (2.3) | 3/129 (2.3) | .97 | ||
| Do not know/answer | 2/179 (1.1) | 1/149 (0.7) | .67 | 1/132 (0.8) | 2/129 (1.5) | .54 | ||
| PA recommendations in children <5 years | 56/264 (21.2) | 49/229 (21.4) | .35 | 48/171 (28.1) | 29/157 (18.5) | .14 | ||
| At least 3 hours per day (180 minutes/day) | 2/56 (3.6) | 2/49 (4.1) | .63 | 2/48 (4.2) | 2/29 (6.9) | .58 | ||
| Screen time recommendations for children <5 years | 88/264 (33.3) | 106/229 (46.3) | .30 | 90/171 (52.6) | 85/157 (54.1) | .91 | ||
| <30 minutes/day | 27/88 (30.7) | 34/106 (32.1) | .59 | 33/90 (36.7) | 33/85 (38.8) | .77 | ||
| <60 minutes/day | 31/88 (35.2) | 37/106 (34.9) | 35/90 (38.9) | 35/85 (41.2) | N/Ad | |||
| <2 hours/day | 15/88 (17.0) | 13/106 (12.2) | 12/90 (13.3) | 10/85 (11.8) | N/A | |||
| Is avoided | 12/88 (13.6) | 12/106 (11.3) | 7/90 (7.8) | 4/85 (4.7) | N/A | |||
| It depends on the age | 2/88 (2.3) | 2/106 (1.9) | 1/90 (1.1) | 0 (0) | N/A | |||
| Other | — | 4/106 (3.8) | 2/90 (2.2) | 2/85 (2.4) | N/A | |||
| Do not know/answer | 1/88 (1.1) | 4/106 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1/85 (1.2) | N/A | |||
| Healthy feeding |
|
|
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|
|
Identifies that it is important to include vegetables in the dishes’ preparation (vegetable consumption) | 28/264 (10.6) | 26/230 (11.3) | .86 | 159/175 (90.9) | 146/159 (91.8) | .78 | |
|
|
Identifies the consumption of natural water as recommended | 36/264 (13.6) | 28/230 (12.2) | .80 | 11/175 (6.3) | 19/159 (11.9) | .13 | |
|
|
Identifies the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages as not recommended | 6/264 (2.3) | 5/230 (2.2) | .94 | 8/175 (4.6) | 3/159 (1.9) | .13 | |
|
|
Identifies the consumption of ultra-processed products (eg, cupcakes, cookies) as not recommended | — | 1/230 (0.4) | .30 | 3/175 (1.7) | 4/159 (2.5) | .63 | |
|
|
Consequences of an unhealthy feeding |
|
|
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| Undernourishment | 196/264 (74.2) | 162/224 (72.3) | .63 | 145/175 (82.9) | 126/159 (79.2) | .41 | ||
| Overweight or obesity | 71/264 (26.9) | 64/224 (28.6) | .61 | 46/175 (26.3) | 57/159 (35.8) | .13 | ||
| Respiratory diseases | 21/264 (8.0) | 16/224 (7.1) | .76 | 15/175 (8.6) | 9/159 (5.7) | .28 | ||
| Musculoskeletal or skin problems | 2/264 (0.8) | 2/224 (0.9) | .88 | 16/175 (9.1) | 3/159 (1.9) | .002 | ||
| Sleep disturbances, discouragement and tiredness, difficulty practicing a physical activity or any activity, learning difficulties | 9/264 (3.4) | 7/224 (3.1) | .83 | 7/175 (4.0) | 4/159 (2.5) | .58 | ||
| Diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia | 25/264 (9.5) | 25/224 (11.2) | .44 | 17/175 (9.7) | 20/159 (12.6) | .48 | ||
| Candies and soft drinks are identified as prizes for life | 0 (0) | 1/224 (0.4) | .20 | 0 (0) | 1/159 (0.6) | .32 | ||
| Harmful habits are established that are for life | 0 (0) | 1/224 (0.4) | .20 | 0 (0) | 1/159 (0.6) | .32 | ||
| Others (eg, bulimia and anorexia, gastritis, diarrhea and vomiting, lack of appetite, dehydration, getting sick in general) | 14/264 (5.3) | 8/224 (3.6) | .23 | 1/175 (0.6) | 2/159 (1.3) | .46 | ||
| Do not know/answer | 14/264 (5.3) | 13/224 (5.8) | .79 | 5/175 (2.9) | 8/159 (5.0) | .31 | ||
|
|
Consequences of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption |
|
157/171 (91.8) | 145/157 (92.4) | .67 | |||
| Undernourishment | 14/215 (6.5) | 13/185 (7.0) | .90 | 14/171 (8.2) | 10/144 (6.9) | .46 | ||
| Overweight or obesity | 96/215 (44.7) | 97/187 (51.9) | .33 | 75/157 (47.8) | 67/145 (46.2) | .79 | ||
| Respiratory diseases or diarrhea | 5/215 (2.3) | 3/185 (1.6) | .64 | 4/157 (2.5) | 3/143 (2.1) | .81 | ||
| Musculoskeletal or skin problems | 10/215 (4.7) | 11/185 (5.9) | .62 | 17/157 (10.8) | 8/145 (5.5) | .10 | ||
| Sleep disturbances, discouragement and tiredness, difficulty practicing a physical activity or any activity, learning difficulties | 5/215 (2.3) | 2/185 (1.1) | .92 | 13/157 (8.3) | 2/143 (1.4) | .01 | ||
| Diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia | 139/215 (64.7) | 116/187 (62.0) | .65 | 92/157 (58.6) | 110/145 (75.9) | .003 | ||
| Candies and soft drinks are identified as prizes for life | 0 (0) | 1/185 (0.5) | .21 | 0 (0) | 2/145 (1.4) | .18 | ||
| Harmful habits are established that are for life | 2/215 (0.9) | 2/185 (1.1) | .90 | 0 (0) | 3/145 (2.1) | .12 | ||
| Others (eg, kidney problems, addiction, hyperactivity, stomach ache) | 21/215 (9.8) | 20/185 (10.8) | .84 | 4/157 (2.5) | 5/145 (3.4) | .56 | ||
| Do not know/answer | 1/215 (0.5) | 2/185 (1.1) | .47 | 2/157 (1.3) | 0 (0) | .31 | ||
aTotals may vary because of missing data.
bPA: physical activity.
cNot available.
dN/A: not applicable.