Table 5.
Mean (standard deviation), effect size + interpretation, and percent gain in word accuracy.
| P1 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline |
Post |
Baseline–post |
Maintenance |
Baseline–maintenance |
||||||
| Token (T/UT) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | |||
| bye | T | 0.46 (0.38) | 0.33 (0.18) | −0.26 | −13 | 0.30 (0.25) | −0.33 | −17 | ||
| hi | T | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.04 (0.11) | 0.33 | Small | 4 | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.47 | Medium | 7 |
| mom | T | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.65 | Medium–large | 23 | 0.37 (0.11) | 0.80 | Large | 30 |
| uh-oh | T | 0.30 (0.21) | 0.26 (0.19) | −0.12 | −5 | 0.39 (0.20) | 0.19 | Small | 9 | |
| up | T | 0.17 (0.19) | 0.42 (0.15) | 0.57 | Medium | 25 | 0.37 (0.11) | 0.48 | Medium | 20 |
| bike | UT | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.24 (0.32) | 0.85 | Large | 24 | 0.20 (0.17) | 0.78 | Large | 20 |
| do | UT | 0.40 (0.15) | 0.46 (0.25) | 0.11 | 6 | 0.23 (0.16) | −0.36 | −17 | ||
| happy | UT | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.08) | −0.20 | −3 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.43 | −6 | ||
| me | UT | 0.33 (0.00) | 0.44 (0.17) | 0.22 | Small | 11 | 0.44 (0.17) | 0.22 | Small | 11 |
| out | UT | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.54 | Medium | 10 | 0.26 (0.15) | 0.88 | Large | 26 |
|
P2 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Baseline–maintenance
|
|||||
| Token (T/UT) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | |||
|
bye |
T |
0.07 (0.14) |
0.40 (0.30) |
0.94 |
Large |
33 |
0.33 (0.00) |
0.80 |
Large |
26 |
| me | T | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.16 (0.17) | 0.20 | Small | 5 | 0.29 (0.13) | 0.57 | Medium | 18 |
| pop | T | 0.39 (0.17) | 0.22 (0.26) | −0.41 | −16 | 0.33 (0.00) | −0.12 | −5 | ||
| uh-oh | T | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.27 | Small | 8 | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.52 | Medium | 17 |
| up | T | 0.28 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.20) | 0.07 | 3 | 0.33 (0.00) | 0.13 | 5 | ||
| eat | UT | 0.33 (0.14) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.10 | 4 | 0.33 (0.00) | 0.00 | < 0.1 | ||
| happy | UT | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.20) | 0.40 | Small–medium | 9 | 0.15 (0.14) | 0.45 | Medium | 10 |
| hi | UT | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.014) | 0.93 | Large | 25 | 0.33 (0.00) | 1.05 | Large | 32 |
| mom | UT | 0.13 (0.20) | 0.52 (0.44) | 0.85 | Large | 35 | 0.33 (0.21) | 0.54 | Medium | 19 |
| peep | UT | 0.35 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.08) | −0.03 | −1 | 0.33 (0.00) | −0.03 | −1 | ||
|
P3 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Baseline–maintenance
|
|||||
| Token (T/UT) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | |||
|
bye |
T |
0.63 (0.31) |
0.37 (0.35) |
−0.42 |
|
−25 |
0.50 (0.24) |
−0.21 |
|
−13 |
| happy | T | 0.15 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.16) | −0.09 | −3 | 0.08 (0.13) | −0.07 | −24 | ||
| me | T | 0.35 (0.36) | 0.26 (0.32) | −0.09 | −4 | 0.26 (0.19) | −0.09 | −4 | ||
| out | T | 0.22 (0.29) | 0.46 (0.30) | 0.49 | Medium | 24 | 0.19 (0.18) | −0.07 | −2 | |
| pop | T | 0.31 (0.29) | 0.38 (0.37) | 0.13 | 6 | 0.38 (0.28) | 0.12 | 6 | ||
| be | UT | 0.42 (0.23) | 0.24 (0.21) | −0.25 | −12 | 0.11 (0.27) | −0.69 | −29 | ||
| eat | UT | 0.25 (0.14) | 0.56 (0.10) | 0.68 | Medium–large | 36 | 0.33 (0.00) | 0.29 | Small | 13 |
| hi | UT | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.39 (0.18) | 0.08 | 4 | 0.33 (0.47) | −0.05 | −2 | ||
| mom | UT | 0.61 (0.16) | 0.38 (0.09) | −0.39 | −23 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| puppy | UT | 0.14 (0.15) | 0.20 (0.13) | 0.14 | 5 | 0.06 (0.13) | −0.36 | −10 | ||
|
P4 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Baseline–maintenance
|
|||||
|
Token (T/UT)
|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
|||
| bed | T | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.44 (0.33) | 0.52 | Medium | 22 | 0.38 (0.13) | 0.38 | Small–medium | 15 |
| daddy | T | 0.23 (0.18) | 0.23 (0.25) | −0.08 | −3 | 0.06 (0.13) | −0.69 | −20 | ||
| do | T | 0.31 (0.30) | 0.53 (0.33) | 0.39 | Small–medium | 19 | 0.47 (0.18) | 0.26 | Small | 12 |
| mine | T | 0.28 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.27) | 0.11 | 4 | 0.58 (0.30) | 0.62 | Medium–large | 29 | |
| out | T | 0.40 (0.29) | 0.54 (0.32) | 0.18 | 9 | 0.56 (0.17) | 0.21 | Small | 11 | |
| bunny | UT | 0.13 (0.17) | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.24 | Small | 8 | 0.50 (0.20) | 0.79 | Large | 33 |
| down | UT | 0.18 (0.21) | 0.44 (0.30) | 0.56 | Medium | 23 | 0.33 (0.00) | 0.32 | Small–medium | 12 |
| go | UT | 0.53 (0.36) | 0.38 (0.36) | −0.36 | −18 | 0.67 (0.27) | 0.18 | 10 | ||
| home | UT | 0.23 (0.24) | 0.38 (0.27) | 0.31 | Small | 13 | 0.27 (0.28) | 0.02 | 1 | |
| in | UT | 0.33 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.20) | −0.15 | −6 | 0.33 (0.00) | −0.10 | −4 | ||
|
P5 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Baseline–maintenance
|
|||||
| Token (T/UT) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | M (SD) | Effect size | % Gain | |||
|
bye |
T |
0.29 (0.12) |
0.64 (0.24) |
0.73 |
Medium–large |
36 |
0.37 (0.15) |
0.20 |
Small |
8 |
| me | T | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.64 (0.32) | 1.46 | Large | 61 | 0.41 (0.22) | 1.11 | Large | 38 |
| pop | T | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.12) | 0.26 | Small | 3 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.23 | −1 | |
| puppy | T | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.88 | −20 | 0.44 (0.34) | 0.58 | Medium | 23 | |
| up | T | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.16 | −1 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.16 | −1 | ||
| baby | UT | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.26 (0.19) | 0.31 | Small | 10 | 0.30 (0.19) | 0.44 | Small–medium | 15 |
| be | UT | 0.27 (0.19) | 0.60 (0.30) | 0.73 | Medium–large | 36 | 0.41 (0.31) | 0.20 | Small | 8 |
| eat | UT | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.33 | −3 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.33 | −3 | ||
| hi | UT | 0.24 (0.15) | 0.67 (0.41) | 0.89 | Large | 43 | 0.53 (0.32) | 0.66 | Medium–large | 30 |
| peep | UT | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0 | ||||
|
P6 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Maintenance-Post
|
|||||
|
Token (T/UT)
|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
|||
| bye | T | 0.38 (0.21) | 0.53 (0.22) | 0.32 | Small | 14 | 0.81 (0.31) | 0.83 | Large | 42 |
| mine | T | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.29 | −2 | 0.35 (0.17) | 1.20 | Large | 33 | |
| pop | T | 0.48 (0.22) | 0.47 (0.17) | −0.04 | −2 | 0.64 (0.32) | 0.33 | Small | 16 | |
| puppy | T | 0.36 (0.15) | 0.38 (0.13) | 0.06 | 2 | 0.55 (0.25) | 0.44 | Small–medium | 19 | |
| up | T | 0.44 (0.25) | 0.45 (0.21) | 0.03 | 1 | 0.62 (0.32) | 0.42 | Small–medium | 20 | |
| baby | UT | 0.34 (0.19) | 0.34 (0.12) | −0.01 | 0 | 0.50 (0.26) | 0.39 | Small–medium | 16 | |
| eat | UT | 0.17 (0.19) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.46 | Medium | 14 | 0.39 (0.13) | 0.66 | Medium–large | 23 |
| hi | UT | 0.36 (0.16) | 0.40 (0.30) | 0.15 | 6 | 0.60 (0.28) | 0.57 | Medium | 26 | |
| home | UT | 0.40 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.12) | −0.22 | −9 | 0.36 (0.18) | −0.14 | −6 | ||
| peep | UT | 0.40 (0.36) | 0.47 (0.25) | 0.16 | 7 | 0.53 (0.22) | 0.31 | Small | 14 | |
|
P7 | ||||||||||
|
|
Baseline
|
Post
|
Baseline–Post
|
Maintenance
|
Baseline–maintenance
|
|||||
|
Token (T/UT)
|
M (SD)
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
M (SD)
|
Effect size
|
% Gain
|
|||
| bus | T | 0.37 (0.15) | 0.21 (0.17) | −0.39 | −16 | 0.35 (0.29) | −0.04 | −2 | ||
| open | T | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.27 (0.27) | −0.19 | −9 | 0.21 (0.30) | −0.37 | −17 | ||
| puppy | T | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.07 | 2 | 0.13 (0.13) | −0.11 | −3 | ||
| show | T | 0.25 (0.26) | 0.74 (0.27) | 0.89 | Large | 48 | 0.46 (0.22) | 0.45 | Medium | 21 |
| up | T | 0.27 (0.13) | 0.52 (0.34) | 0.52 | Medium | 25 | 0.61 (0.34) | 0.66 | Medium–large | 34 |
| ape | UT | 0.28 (0.12) | 0.58 (0.39) | 0.58 | Medium | 30 | 0.55 (0.38) | 0.53 | Medium | 27 |
| apple | UT | 0.23 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.13) | −0.26 | −10 | 0.13 (0.24) | −0.36 | −14 | ||
| happy | UT | 0.21 (0.22) | 0.28 (0.23) | 0.20 | Small | 8 | 0.20 (0.23) | −0.02 | −0.5 | |
| house | UT | 0.32 (0.18) | 0.25 (0.21) | −0.16 | −6 | 0.33 (0.28) | 0.04 | 2 | ||
| shoe | UT | 0.25 (0.28) | 0.44 (0.16) | 0.42 | Small–medium | 19 | 0.44 (0.22) | 0.42 | Small–medium | 19 |
Note. Mean (standard deviation), effect size + interpretation, and percent gain in word accuracy for treated and untreated words at baseline, post, and maintenance for each participant. Effect size was used to quantify change in word accuracy from baseline to post and from baseline to maintenance. T = treated word; UT = untreated word; N/A = missing data.