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IL-13 Induction of TGF-β1 Requires Two Steps. In the first step membrane-bound IL-13Rα2 is induced by exposing cells to IL-4 or IL-13 plus TNF-α. This induces activated Stat6 and NF-κB respectively. In the second step IL-13 signals via IL-13Rα2 to induce TGF-β1. This signaling gives rise to activated AP-1.
