Table 1.
Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics
| Characteristic | Patients by Diagnosis, No. (%)a | |
|---|---|---|
| IE (n = 399) | No IE (n = 196) | |
| Demographics and medical history | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 67 (56–75) | 63 (54–73) |
| Male sex | 294 (73.7) | 127 (64.8) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1–4) | 2.0 (1–4) |
| Congenital heart disease | 35 (8.8) | 12 (6.1) |
| Previous IE | 42 (10.5) | 13 (6.6) |
| Active injection drug use | 7 (1.8) | 1 (0.5) |
| Native valve disease | 105 (26.3) | 47 (24.0) |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 162 (40.6) | 55 (28.1) |
| Aortic | 111 (27.8) | 36 (18.4) |
| TAVR | 25 (6.3) | 4 (2.0) |
| Mitral | 36 (9.0) | 22 (11.2) |
| Pulmonic | 11 (2.8) | 3 (1.5) |
| Tricuspid | 7 (1.8) | 3 (1.5) |
| CIED | 76 (19.0) | 27 (13.8) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Feverb | 291 (72.9) | 116 (59.2) |
| Janeway lesionsc | 23 (5.8) | 1 (0.5) |
| Osler nodesc | 13 (3.3) | 1 (0.5) |
| Roth spotsd | 4 (1.0) | 4 (2.0) |
| Cerebral emboli | 66 (16.5) | 12 (6.1) |
| Splenic emboli | 31 (7.8) | 3 (1.5) |
| Vertebral osteomyelitis | 27 (6.8) | 15 (7.7) |
| Causative microorganism | ||
| Streptococcus species | 121 (30.3) | 13 (6.6) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 98 (24.6) | 73 (37.2) |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 34 (8.5) | 16 (8.2) |
| Enterococcus species | 39 (9.8) | 11 (5.6) |
| HACEK group | 14 (3.5) | 2 (1.0) |
| Culture negative | 27 (6.8) | 53 (27.0) |
| Other | 66 (16.5) | 28 (14.3) |
| Diagnostic procedures and management | ||
| TTE | 374 (93.7) | 184 (93.9) |
| TEE | 337 (84.5) | 108 (55.1) |
| 18F-FDG PET/CT | 226 (56.6) | 105 (53.6) |
| Cardiac CT | 114 (28.6) | 23 (11.7) |
| Surgery | 144 (36.1) | 13 (6.6) |
| Duration of antimicrobial treatment, median (IQR), d | 42.0 (34–48) | 26.0 (12–43) |
| Relapse infection with same pathogen within 1 y | 17 (4.3) | 2 (1.0) |
| 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria | ||
| Major criteria | ||
| Predisposing condition | 281 (70.4) | 106 (54.1) |
| Imaging | 363 (91.0) | 38 (19.4) |
| Microbiology | 313 (78.4) | 98 (50.0) |
| Minor criteria | ||
| Fever | 291 (72.9) | 116 (59.2) |
| Vascular phenomena | 131 (32.8) | 45 (23.0) |
| Immunologic phenomena | 28 (7.0) | 11 (5.6) |
| Microbiology | 43 (10.8) | 36 (18.4) |
Abbreviations: 18F-FDG, fluorine 18 fludeoxyglucose; CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; CT, computed tomography; HACEK, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella; IE, infective endocarditis; IQR, interquartile range; ISCVID, International Society of Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases; PET, positron emission tomography; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.
aData represent no. (%) of patients unless otherwise specified.
bData missing in 34 patients.
cData missing in 40 patients.
dData missing in 429 patients (no fundoscopy performed).