Table 1.

Description of indicators.

Tier 1 Dimension	Tier 2 Subdimensions	Tier 3 Indicators and the description of indicators
Fact-based assessment	Effectiveness	Direct effects: assessing whether LTCI can alleviate of caregiving burdens on families that have older people with disabilities
		Indirect effects: assessing whether LTCI can reduce the financial burdens on families that have older people with disabilities
		Potential effects: assessing whether LTCI can meet the healthcare needs of people with disabilities and alleviate the issue of “social hospitalization”
	Impact	Impact on the long-term care services: assessing whether LTCI can improve the socialized older adults service system
		Impact on the long-term care service industry: assessing whether LTCI policies can promote the development of long-term care institutions
		Impact on the medical payment coverage: assessing the payment coverage of LTCI
	Responsiveness	Group-specific needs: assessing whether the LTCI can meet the care needs of older adults with different levels of disability
		Group-specific preferences: assessing whether LTCI offers life-cycle services that cater to the preferences of different disability groups
		Group-specific values: assessing whether LTCI provides multi-level home-based and community-based care services.
Value-based assessment	Equity	Equity in defining the target population: assessing whether the coverage of LTCI is defined fairly
		Equity in outcomes: assessing whether the disability level criteria maximize the balance of treatment
		Equity in rights: assessing whether the rights to participate in LTCI are equal to all the residents.
		Equity in opportunities: assessing whether the eligibility criteria for accessing LTCI benefits are fair, ensuring that benefits are not subject to overly stringent conditions
	Sustainability	Financial sustainability: assessing whether the funding sources are diversified and whether the funding levels are dynamically adjusted based on the economic development of the cities
		Sustainability of service delivery: assessing whether the long-term care services are diversified and whether there is transferability between these services
		Sustainability of administration operations: assessing whether social forces are allowed to participate in administration and whether performance evaluation and incentive mechanisms are established
		Sustainability of policy coherence: assessing the degree of effective integration of LTCI with other social insurance programs and relevant functional departments
	Productivity	Inclusiveness: assessing whether the government plays a significant role in funding and subsidizing individual contributions for vulnerable groups
		Adequacy: assessing whether the funding level is in line with the level of economic and social development
		Scientificity: assessing the extent to which cities prioritize the development of a system platform and successfully implement intelligent operational processes and scientific service supervision within their LTCI