Table 1. Child, Parental, and Residential Characteristics by Early and Middle Childhood Study Populationsa.
| Characteristic | Early childhood (n = 1469) | Middle childhood (n = 1173) | Total (N = 2103) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age at CBCL 1½-5 or 6-18 assessment, mean (SD), y | 4.2 (0.6) | 7.8 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.5) |
| CBCL 1½-5 or 6-18 internalizing symptoms T score, median (IQR) | 45 (37-53) | 48 (41-54) | 45 (39-54) |
| CBCL 1½-5 or 6-18 externalizing symptoms T score, median (IQR) | 44 (39-51) | 48 (41-56) | 46 (39-53) |
| Sex assigned at birth | |||
| Male | 745 (50.7) | 581 (49.5) | 1061 (50.5) |
| Female | 724 (49.3) | 592 (50.5) | 1042 (49.5) |
| Child raceb | |||
| Black | 528 (36.3) | 416 (35.6) | 606 (29.1) |
| White | 697 (47.9) | 558 (47.8) | 1094 (52.5) |
| >1 Race | 139 (9.5) | 143 (12.3) | 248 (11.9) |
| Otherc | 92 (6.3) | 50 (4.3) | 137 (6.6) |
| Child ethnicityb | |||
| Non-Hispanic | 1215 (83.0) | 1068 (91.1) | 1761 (84.0) |
| Hispanic | 249 (17.0) | 104 (8.9) | 336 (16.0) |
| Preterm (<37 completed weeks) | |||
| No | 1354 (92.2) | 1038 (88.5) | 1900 (90.3) |
| Yes | 115 (7.8) | 135 (11.5) | 203 (9.7) |
| Birthing parent characteristics | |||
| Age at delivery, mean (SD), y | 29.0 (6) | 29.0 (6.0) | 29.0 (6.0) |
| Educational attainment | |||
| Less than high school | 59 (4.0) | 27 (2.3) | 77 (3.7) |
| High school, GED, or equivalent | 181 (12.3) | 132 (11.3) | 229 (10.9) |
| Some college or more | 1228 (83.7) | 1013 (86.4) | 1795 (85.4) |
| Residential characteristics | |||
| Average neighborhood SES (SVI) | |||
| High | 536 (36.5) | 497 (42.4) | 885 (42.1) |
| Medium | 339 (23.1) | 266 (22.7) | 489 (23.3) |
| Low | 594 (40.4) | 410 (35.0) | 729 (34.7) |
| Region | |||
| West | 413 (28.1) | 194 (16.5) | 606 (28.8) |
| Northwest | 84 (5.7) | 184 (15.7) | 268 (12.7) |
| Midwest or Central | 87 (5.9) | 117 (10.0) | 204 (9.7) |
| East | 885 (60.2) | 678 (57.8) | 1025 (48.7) |
| NDVI at 270 m from birth to outcome, mean (SD) | 0.32 (0.08) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.32 (0.09) |
| Movers | |||
| No (1 residential location) | 614 (41.8) | 374 (31.9) | 988 (37.4) |
| Yes (>1 residential location) | 855 (58.2) | 799 (68.1) | 1654 (62.6) |
Abbreviations: CBCL 1½-5 or 6-18, Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½ to 5 or 6 to 18; GED, General Educational Development; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; SES, socioeconomic status; SVI, Social Vulnerability Index.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of participants unless otherwise indicated. Covariate data are complete or are missing at less than 1%; 539 participants are included in both the early and middle childhood samples.
b
Child race and ethnicity were identified through caregiver report.
c
Other includes Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or caregiver-reported “other.”