TABLE 3.
Associations of vitamin D supplement use and multivitamin use with all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia in 269,229 UK Biobank participants
| Dementia outcomes | Vitamin D users (n = 13,372) |
Multivitamin users (n = 53,325) |
Nonusers (n = 202,532) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ncases (%) | HR (95% CI)6 | Ncases (%) | HR (95% CI)6 | Ncases (%) | HR (95% CI) | |
| All-cause dementia | 353 (2.6) | 1314 (2.5) | 5420 (2.7) | |||
| Model 11 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | Ref | |||
| Model 22 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | Ref | |||
| Model 33 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.05) | Ref | |||
| Model 44 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | Ref | |||
| Model 55 | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | Ref | |||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 170 (1.3) | 729 (1.4) | 2717 (1.3) | |||
| Model 11 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | Ref | |||
| Model 22 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | Ref | |||
| Model 33 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | Ref | |||
| Model 44 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | Ref | |||
| Model 55 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | Ref | |||
| Vascular dementia | 88 (0.7) | 290 (0.5) | 1437 (0.7) | |||
| Model 11 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.94) | Ref | |||
| Model 22 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) | Ref | |||
| Model 33 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | Ref | |||
| Model 44 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | Ref | |||
| Model 55 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.12) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | Ref | |||
The covariates were modeled as continuous or categorical variables as shown in Supplemental Table 2, which displays their distributions according to the vitamin D status groups. 6 HRs with 95% CIs were derived from Cox proportional hazards models.
Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, Ref: reference
Cox proportional hazards model 1: Age, sex, skin color, latitude of study center and calendar month of attending the assessment center.
Cox proportional hazards model 2: Model 1 variables plus socioeconomic factors (indices of multiple deprivation, no of individuals in household, and household income).
Cox proportional hazards model 3: Model 2 variables plus lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, venturesome personality, frequency of visiting friends/family) and vitamin D specific factors (consumption of oily fish, processed meat, milk, bread, spread, time spent outdoors in summer, ease of skin tanning, use of sunscreen/UV protection, and solarium/sunlamp use).
Cox proportional hazards model 4: Model 3 variables plus weight variables (body mass index and waist circumference).
Cox proportional hazards model 5: Model 4 variables plus diseases & disease symptoms (cancer, hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, osteoporosis, fractured in last 5 years, arthritis, gout, diabetes, hypothyroidism, chronic fatigue syndrome, tiredness/lethargy in last 2 wks, Parkinson, and depressed mood), biomarkers (estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein), general health status (disability, general self-rated health and no. of drugs), and medication intake (low-dose aspirin, lipid-lowering drugs, and anti-depression drugs), and Apolipoprotein E ε4 status.