TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of overall and groups by dipping status.
| Variables | Overall (n = 568) | Dipper (n = 85) | Nondipper (n = 261) | Riser (n = 222) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59.76 ± 9.99 | 58.63 ± 9.52 | 58.63 ± 10.38 | 61.58 ± 9.46 | .004 |
| Male (n, %) | 387 (68.1) | 61 (71.8) | 183 (70.1) | 143 (64.4) | .301 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.52 ± 6.18 | 27.12 ± 3.29 | 27.20 ± 3.61 | 28.07 ± 8.93 | .328 |
| Current smoking (n, %) | 145 (25.5) | 22 (25.9) | 73 (28.0) | 50 (22.5) | .391 |
| Current drinking (n, %) | 116 (20.4) | 21 (24.7) | 60 (23.0) | 35 (15.8) | .083 |
| Revascularization (n, %) | 164 (28.9) | 17 (20.0) | 80 (30.7) | 67 (30.2) | .146 |
| Case history (n, %) | |||||
| MI | 94 (16.5) | 14 (16.5) | 40 (15.3) | 40 (16.5) | .730 |
| HF | 38 (6.7) | 5 (5.9) | 16 (6.1) | 17 (7.7) | .759 |
| Stroke/TIA | 76 (13.4) | 4 (4.7) | 34 (13.4) | 38 (17.1) | .016 |
| PAD | 107 (18.8) | 15 (17.6) | 39 (14.9) | 53 (23.9) | .042 |
| CKD a | 27 (4.8) | 2 (2.4) | 13 (5.0) | 12 (5.4) | .517 |
| Diabetes | 225 (39.6) | 34 (40.0) | 89 (34.1) | 102 (45.9) | .030 |
| AF | 39 (6.9) | 4 (4.7) | 15 (5.7) | 20 (9.0) | .256 |
| LVH by ECG b | 38 (6.7) | 6 (7.1) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (7.2) | .885 |
| Cardiovascular medications (n, %) | |||||
| ACEI | 62 (10.9) | 5 (5.9) | 31 (11.9) | 26 (11.7) | .272 |
| ARB | 345 (60.7) | 57 (67.1) | 154 (59.0) | 134 (60.4) | .413 |
| β‐Blocker | 426 (75.0) | 61 (71.8) | 190 (72.8) | 175 (78.8) | .236 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 297 (52.3) | 40 (47.1) | 137 (52.5) | 120 (54.1) | .545 |
| Diuretic | 124 (21.8) | 21 (24.7) | 57 (21.8) | 46 (20.7) | .751 |
| Antiplatelet medication | 566 (99.6) | 85 (100.0) | 260 (99.6) | 221 (99.5) | .832 |
| Antidiabetic agents | 206 (36.3) | 30 (35.3) | 87 (33.3) | 89 (40.1) | .300 |
| Stains | 550 (96.8) | 81 (95.3) | 254 (97.3) | 215 (96.8) | .652 |
| Laboratory variables | |||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.12 ± 0.84 | 2.16 ± 0.78 | 2.17 ± 0.88 | 2.07 ± 0.81 | .411 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.33 ± 1.43 | 6.28 ± 1.89 | 6.22 ± 1.26 | 6.47 ± 1.42 | .194 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.65 ± 16.92 | 90.64 ± 14.76 | 89.91 ± 17.53 | 86.34 ± 16.73 | .051 |
| Echocardiography variables | |||||
| LVEF (%) | 60.72 ± 7.21 | 61.01 ± 5.66 | 60.73 ± 7.82 | 60.58 ± 7.04 | .907 |
| LV (mm) | 47.28 ± 5.25 | 46.30 ± 4.45 | 47.40 ± 5.81 | 47.51 ± 4.82 | .216 |
| AAO (mm) | 34.07 ± 3.60 | 33.76 ± 3.07 | 33.75 ± 3.43 | 34.57 ± 3.93 | .049 |
| Blood pressure variables (mmHg) | |||||
| Office SBP | 134.59 ± 15.73 | 132.44 ± 17.22 | 133.62 ± 14.45 | 136.54 ± 16.39 | .049 |
| Office DBP | 81.87 ± 11.18 | 81.45 ± 11.49 | 83.04 ± 10.95 | 82.87 ± 11.18 | .438 |
| 24‐h SBP | 127.73 ± 14.73 | 125.31 ± 13.66 | 126.09 ± 13.88 | 130.57 ± 15.66 | .001 |
| 24‐h DBP | 74.74 ± 10.01 | 74.33 ± 9.93 | 74.48 ± 9.86 | 75.22 ± 10.25 | .662 |
| Daytime SBP | 128.25 ± 14.65 | 129.45 ± 14.17 | 127.28 ± 14.23 | 128.93 ± 15.31 | .336 |
| Daytime DBP | 75.26 ± 10.61 | 76.74 ± 10.26 | 75.12 ± 11.07 | 74.85 ± 10.18 | .362 |
| Nighttime SBP | 125.68 ± 17.67 | 111.79 ± 12.92 | 121.72 ± 13.91 | 135.70 ± 17.80 | <.001 |
| Nighttime DBP | 72.27 ± 11.11 | 66.31 ± 9.09 | 71.23 ± 9.65 | 75.79 ± 12.19 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AAO, ascending aorta; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HF, heart failure; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
Defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and markers of kidney damage (≥1 for >3 months) on the basis of The KDIGO CKD Clinical Guideline.
Defined as the sum of voltage amplitudes of SV1 and RV5 was equal to or greater than 3.5 mV according to the Sokolow–Lyon criterion.