Table 2.

Descriptive and test statistics.

Subjects/measures			t	df	p	Effect size (d)c
Subjects: (n) Velar length: M (SD)	Male: (1,670)	Female: (1,578)
	27.33 mm (3.83)	26.74 mm (3.66)	−4.465	3245.6	8.279e−06	−0.23
Subjects: (n) Effective velar length: M (SD)	Male: (1,669)	Female: (1,578)
	9.65 mm (3.48)	9.36 mm (3.4)	−2.424	3241.2	0.015*	−0.12
Subjects: (n) Pharyngeal depth: M (SD)	Male: (1,670)	Female: (1,578)
	17.9 mm (5.2)	16.8 mm (5.16)	−6.024	3238.3	1.886e−09	−0.30
Subjects: (n) Levator veli palatini muscle length: M (SD)	Male: (1,664)	Female: (1,578)
	38.93 mm (3.29)	37.54 mm (3)	−12.509	3235.1	< 2.2e−16	−0.63
Subjects: (n) Velar thickness: M (SD)	Male: (1,669)	Female: (1,576)
	8.78 mm (1.41)	8.53 mm (1.39)	−5.107	3237.3	3.447e−07	−0.25
Subjects: (n) VP ratio: M (SD)	Male: (1,670)	Female: (1,578)
	1.73 (1.01)	1.82 (1.06)	2.493a	3210	0.012*	0.12
Subjects: (n) EVP ratio: M (SD)	Male: (1,669)	Female: (1,578)
	0.58 (0.33)	0.61 (0.39)	2.614b	3076.9	0.008*	0.13

Note. df = degrees of freedom; VP = velopharyngeal; EVP = effective velopharyngeal.

^*a < .05.

^aWilcoxon test statistics: W = 1418383, p = .0001418.

^bWilcoxon test statistics: W = 1378520, p = .01916.

^cNegative d values indicate males larger than females; positive d values indicate males smaller than females.