A proposed model on the role of interoceptive processing in RNT generation, incorporating bottom-up interoceptive processing, top-down autonomic nervous system output, and emotional learning abnormalities. Please see the text for details. MTL: medial temporal lobe (including parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala). Ins: Insular cortex. VNS: vagal nerve stimulation. ECT: electroconvulsive therapy.