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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Oct 10;156:237–244. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.020

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

A proposed model on the role of interoceptive processing in RNT generation, incorporating bottom-up interoceptive processing, top-down autonomic nervous system output, and emotional learning abnormalities. Please see the text for details. MTL: medial temporal lobe (including parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala). Ins: Insular cortex. VNS: vagal nerve stimulation. ECT: electroconvulsive therapy.