Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population by Frailty Status
| Characteristics | Total (n = 22 786) | Frail Status | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust (n = 11 750) | Prefrail (n = 9 392) | Frail (n = 1 644) | |||
| Age, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| 50–64 | 11 382 (49.95) | 6 510 (55.40) | 4 421 (47.07) | 451 (27.43) | |
| 65–79 | 9 641 (42.31) | 4 764 (40.54) | 4 081 (43.45) | 796 (48.42) | |
| ≥80 | 1 763 (7.74) | 476 (4.05) | 890 (9.48) | 397 (24.15) | |
| Sex, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Male | 9 933 (43.59) | 5 650 (48.09) | 3 818 (40.65) | 465 (28.28) | |
| Female | 12 853 (56.41) | 6 100 (51.91) | 5 574 (59.35) | 1 179 (71.72) | |
| Country, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Non-Mediterranean | 15 991 (70.18) | 8 589 (73.10) | 6 464 (68.82) | 938 (57.06) | |
| Mediterranean | 6 795 (29.82) | 3 161 (26.90) | 2 928 (31.18) | 706 (42.94) | |
| Level of education, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Low | 8 218 (36.07) | 3 520 (29.96) | 3 645 (38.81) | 1 053 (64.05) | |
| Medium | 9 246 (40.58) | 5 031 (42.82) | 3 768 (40.12) | 447 (27.19) | |
| High | 5 322 (23.36) | 3 199 (27.23) | 1 979 (21.07) | 144 (8.76) | |
| Retirement status, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Not retired | 9 956 (43.69) | 5 387 (45.85) | 4 015 (42.75) | 554 (33.70) | |
| Retired | 12 830 (56.31) | 6 363 (54.15) | 5 377 (57.25) | 1 090 (66.30) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 15 029 (65.96) | 7 816 (66.52) | 6 061 (64.53) | 1 152 (70.07) | |
| Ex-smoker | 3 635 (15.95) | 1 856 (15.80) | 1 565 (16.66) | 214 (13.02) | |
| Current smoker | 4 122 (18.09) | 2 078 (17.69) | 1 766 (18.80) | 278 (16.91) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Not at all in the last 3 months | 5 819 (25.54) | 2 194 (18.67) | 2 749 (29.27) | 876 (53.28) | |
| Less than once a month | 2 590 (11.37) | 1 244 (10.59) | 1 163 (12.38) | 183 (11.13) | |
| At least once a month | 14 377 (63.10) | 8 312 (70.74) | 5 480 (58.35) | 585 (35.58) | |
| Multimorbiditya, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| 0 | 6 606 (28.99) | 4 294 (36.54) | 2 184 (23.25) | 128 (7.79) | |
| 1 | 6 683 (29.33) | 3 768 (32.07) | 2 654 (28.26) | 261 (15.88) | |
| 2 | 4 747 (20.83) | 2 279 (19.40) | 2 114 (22.51) | 354 (21.53) | |
| 3 | 2 692 (11.81) | 940 (8.00) | 1 400 (14.91) | 352 (21.41) | |
| ≥4 | 2 058 (9.03) | 469 (3.99) | 1 040 (11.07) | 549 (33.39) | |
| Multimorbidityb, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| No | 13 289 (58.32) | 8 062 (68.61) | 4 838 (51.51) | 389 (23.66) | |
| Yes | 9 497 (41.68) | 3 688 (31.39) | 4 554 (48.49) | 1 255 (76.34) | |
| Depression, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| No | 17 086 (74.98) | 10 880 (92.6) | 5 715 (60.85) | 491 (29.87) | |
| Yes | 5 700 (25.02) | 870 (7.4) | 3 677 (39.15) | 1 153 (70.13) | |
Notes: multimorbiditya = multimorbidity was expressed as a continuous variable; multimorbidityb = multimorbidity was represented as a dichotomous variable.