Table 5.
Logistic regression results for selected predictor variables
| NFHS-3 (2005–2006) (n=38 996) | NFHS-4 (2015–2016) (n=211 728) | NFHS-5 (2019–2021) (n=192 314) | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 0.633*** (0.588 to 0.682) | 0.775*** (0.710 to 0.846) | 0.733*** (0.710 to 0.758) | 0.905*** (0.872 to 0.939) | 0.809 (0.777 to 0.843) | 0.924*** (0.884 to 0.964) |
| Middle | 0.481*** (0.440 to 0.527) | 0.675*** (0.598 to 0.762) | 0.537*** (0.516 to 0.559) | 0.803*** (0.765 to 0.844) | 0.634*** (0.608 to 0.662) | 0.834*** (0.794 to 0.876) |
| Richer | 0.318*** (0.285 to 0.354) | 0.497*** (0.420 to 0.589) | 0.384*** (0.365 to 0.404) | 0.701*** (0.652 to 0.753) | 0.459*** (0.438 to 0.481) | 0.706*** (0.665 to 0.749) |
| Richest | 0.201*** (0.176 to 0.230) | 0.363*** (0.292 to 0.450) | 0.284*** (0.268 to 0.300) | 0.619*** (0.565 to 0.678) | 0.341*** (0.323 to 0.359) | 0.636*** (0.588 to 0.688) |
| Marginalised social group | ||||||
| Unreserved caste | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Scheduled Caste (SC) | 1.702*** (1.547 to 1.872) | 1.16*** (1.05 to 1.28) | 1.683*** (1.606 to 1.764) | 1.21*** (1.15 to 1.27) | 1.580*** (1.502 to 1.663) | 1.21*** (1.15 to 1.27) |
| Scheduled Tribe (ST) | 1.698*** (1.520 to 1.898) | 1.14** (1.00 to 1.30) | 1.753*** (1.665 to 1.846) | 1.16*** (1.09 to 1.22) | 1.694*** (1.600 to 1.794) | 1.19*** (1.12 to 1.27) |
| Other Backward Class (OBC) | 1.400*** (1.286 to 1.523) | 1.06 (0.970 to 1.16) | 1.418*** (1.361 to 1.479) | 1.11*** (1.06 to 1.16) | 1.307*** (1.246 to 1.371) | 1.11*** (1.06 to 1.16) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban | 0.642*** (0.593 to 0.695) | 1.18*** (1.07 to 1.29) | 0.641*** (0.616 to 0.667) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.725*** (0.695 to 0.755) | 1.02 (0.970 to 1.06) |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 0.708*** (0.654 to 0.765) | 0.868*** (0.795 to 0.948) | 0.745*** (0.716 to 0.776) | 0.895*** (0.857 to 0.934) | 0.825*** (0.789 to 0.863) | 0.926*** (0.883 to 0.972) |
| Secondary | 0.460*** (0.431 to 0.491) | 0.795*** (0.730 to 0.867) | 0.473*** (0.459 to 0.487) | 0.774*** (0.746 to 0.804) | 0.579*** (0.560 to 0.599) | 0.814*** (0.782 to 0.848) |
| Higher | 0.180*** (0.157 to 0.207) | 0.637*** (0.530 to 0.767) | 0.256*** (0.241 to 0.272) | 0.641*** (0.596 to 0.688) | 0.344*** (0.328 to 0.362) | 0.698*** (0.657 to 0.743) |
| Sex of the child | ||||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 1.003 (0.954 to 1.055) | 1.00 (0.949 to 1.06) | 1.044*** (1.019 to 1.070) | 1.07*** (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.075*** (1.049 to 1.102) | 1.08*** (1.05 to 1.11) |
AORs were produced after controlling for all included covariates. SEs are robust and clustered at the primary sampling unit level.
*p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; NFHS, National Family Health Survey.