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. 2024 Mar 28;26:e41065. doi: 10.2196/41065

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©Feng He, Clarissa Ng Yin Ling, Simon Nusinovici, Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Jialiang Li, Charumathi Sabanayagam. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 28.03.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Top 50 machine-learned variables for DKD and DR. %: metabolites to total lipids ratio; anti-HTN: antihypertensive medication use; ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1; C: cholesterol; CE: cholesterol esters; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DHAFA: antihypertensive medication use; DR: diabetic retinopathy; FC: free cholesterol; GBDT: gradient-boosting decision tree; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HDL3: high-density lipoprotein 3; IDL: intermediate-density lipoprotein; L: large; LA: linoleic acid; LASSO: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; M: medium; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; P: particles; PL: phospholipids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; S: small; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SFA: saturated fatty acids; TG: triglycerides; VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein; XL: very large; XS: very small; XXL: extremely large.