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. 2024 Mar 16;13(6):e031732. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031732

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© 2024 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Odds ratios obtained from PheWAS represent the estimates for the effect of 1‐unit higher genetic risk scores for hemoglobin (GRS‐hemoglobin), after adjusting for age, sex, center, genotyping array, and genetic principal components (the first 10 principal components). Analyses were restricted to outcomes with greater than 1000 cases (377 diseases) and showed the associations that survived from the multiple testing. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes were also shown in the parentheses for each outcome. Error bars represent 95% CIs. All statistical tests were 2‐sided, following a correction for multiple testing using a strategy controlling for the false discovery rate. GRS indicates genetic risk score; and PheWAS, phenome‐wide associations.