Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients With Bystander‐Witnessed Shockable Cardiac Arrest (n=61 080)*
| P value for trend | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |
| n= | 4494 | 5043 | 5072 | 5478 | 5816 | 5904 | 5812 | 5914 | 6081 | 5810 | 5656 | |
| Age (y) | 66 (55–76) | 67 (55–76) | 66 (55–76) | 67 (57–77) | 67 (56–77) | 67 (59–78) | 67 (57–78) | 68 (57–78) | 69 (57–80) | 68 (57–78) | 68 (56–78) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 3545 (78.9) | 3933 (78.0) | 3961 (77.8) | 4265 (77.9) | 4537 (78.0) | 4580 (77.6) | 4469 (76.9) | 4558 (77.5) | 4600 (75.6) | 4571 (78.7) | 4374 (77.3) | 0.006 |
| Cardiac cause | 3882 (86.4) | 4411 (87.5) | 4394 (86.8) | 4824 (88.1) | 5132 (88.2) | 5114 (88.0) | 5154 (87.1) | 5154 (87.1) | 5314 (87.4) | 5210 (89.7) | 5084 (89.9) | <0.001 |
| Witness | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| Family | 2717 (60.5) | 2953 (58.6) | 2900 (57.2) | 3110 (56.8) | 3279 (56.4) | 3221 (54.6) | 3188 (54.9) | 3111 (52.6) | 3298 (54.2) | 3087 (53.1) | 3065 (54.2) | |
| Acquaintance | 718 (16.0) | 863 (17.1) | 894 (17.6) | 921 (16.8) | 929 (16.0) | 1041 (17.6) | 953 (16.9) | 973 (16.5) | 1014 (16.5) | 1014 (17.5) | 992 (17.5) | |
| Passerby | 1059 (23.6) | 1227 (24.3) | 1278 (25.2) | 1447 (26.4) | 1608 (16.0) | 1642 (27.8) | 1671 (28.8) | 1830 (30.9) | 1782 (29.3) | 1709 (29.4) | 1599 (28.3) | |
| EMS dispatcher CPR instruction | 1415 (31.5) | 1826 (36.2) | 2048 (40.4) | 2285 (41.7) | 2532 (43.5) | 2550 (43.2) | 2744 (47.2) | 2857 (48.3) | 3062 (50.4) | 3016 (51.9) | 3096 (55.1) | <0.001 |
| Dispatcher‐assisted CPR† , ‡ | 930 (65.7) | 1256 (68.8) | 1480 (72.3) | 1711 (74.9) | 1962 (77.5) | 1936 (76.0) | 2064 (75.2) | 2196 (76.9) | 2392 (78.1) | 2347 (77.8) | 2517 (81.0) | <0.001 |
| Bystander CPR | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| Chest compression only | 878 (19.5) | 1177 (23.3) | 1553 (30.6) | 1877 (34.3) | 2228 (38.3) | 2390 (40.5) | 2389 (41.1) | 2657 (44.9) | 3028 (49.8) | 2906 (50.0) | 2975 (52.6) | |
| Conventional CPR | 1062 (23.6) | 1228 (24.4) | 1114 (20.0) | 1034 (18.9) | 1040 (17.9) | 942 (16.0) | 901 (15.5) | 831 (14.1) | 610 (10.0) | 655 (11.3) | 618 (10.9) | |
| Unidentified CPR | 108 (2.4) | 83 (1.6) | 56 (1.1) | 44 (0.9 | 28 (0.5) | 31 (0.5) | 35 (0.6) | 29 (0.5) | 24 (0.4) | 19 (0.3) | 14 (0.2) | |
| No CPR | 2446 (54.4) | 1227 (24.3) | 2349 (46.3) | 2523 (46.1) | 2520 (44.3) | 2541 (43.0) | 2487 (42.8) | 2397 (40.5) | 2419 (39.8) | 2230 (29.4) | 2049 (36.2) | |
| Public access defibrillator | 59 (1.3) | 149 (3.0) | 255 (5.0) | 389 (7.1) | 547 (9.4) | 659 (11.2) | 712 (12.3) | 845 (14.3) | 758 (12.5) | 858 (14.8) | 866 (15.3) | <0.001 |
| Biphasic waveform defibrillators | 1904 (42.4) | 2896 (57.4) | 3560 (70.2) | 4146 (75.7) | 4693 (80.7) | 5037 (85.3) | 5013 (86.3) | 5140 (86.9) | 5236 (86.1) | 5026 (86.5) | 4855 (85.8) | <0.001 |
| Prehospital advance life support | ||||||||||||
| Advanced airway management | 2346 (52.2) | 2595 (51.5) | 2433 (48.0) | 2452 (44.8) | 2480 (42.6) | 2456 (41.6) | 2412 (41.5) | 2457 (41.5) | 2424 (39.9) | 2267 (39.0) | 2113 (37.4) | <0.001 |
| Intravenous epinephrine | 13 (0.3) | 198 (3.9) | 501 (9.9) | 780 (14.2) | 1072 (18.4) | 1321 (22.2) | 1513 (26.0) | 1614 (27.3) | 1631 (26.8) | 1774 (30.5) | 1722 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| District | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| Hokkaido | 211 (4.7) | 266 (5.3) | 229 (4.5) | 220 (4.0) | 258 (4.4) | 245 (3.1) | 259 (4.5) | 265 (4.5) | 244 (4.0) | 250 (4.3) | 292 (5.2) | |
| Tohoku | 421 (9.6) | 442 (8.8) | 450 (8.9) | 491 (9.0) | 506 (8.7) | 476 (8.1) | 498 (8.6) | 518 (8.8) | 508 (8.4) | 488 (8.4) | 475 (8.4) | |
| Kanto | 1395 (31.0) | 1528 (30.3) | 1649 (32.5) | 1670 (30.5) | 1881 (32.3) | 1956 (33.1) | 1944 (33.4) | 2003 (33.9) | 2451 (40.3) | 2051 (35.3) | 1907 (33.7) | |
| Chubu | 818 (18.2) | 910 (18.0) | 851 (16.8) | 1016 (18.5) | 1068 (18.4) | 1096 (18.6) | 1053 (18.1) | 1061 (17.9) | 1053 (17.0) | 1054 (18.1) | 931 (16.5) | |
| Kinki | 806 (17.9) | 930 (18.4) | 888 (17.5) | 961 (17.5) | 964 (16.6) | 994 (16.8) | 942 (16.2) | 1043 (17.7) | 839 (13.8) | 946 (16.3) | 997 (17.6) | |
| Chugoku | 273 (6.1) | 305 (6.0) | 249 (4.9) | 349 (6.4) | 350 (6.0) | 348 (5.9) | 321 (5.5) | 270 (4.6) | 312 (5.1) | 288 (5.0) | 284 (5.0) | |
| Shikoku | 132 (2.9) | 161 (3.2) | 147 (2.9) | 161 (2.9) | 172 (3.0) | 147 (2.5) | 155 (2.7) | 146 (2.5) | 170 (2.8) | 146 (2.5) | 146 (2.6) | |
| Kyushu | 428 (9.5) | 501 (9.9) | 609 (12.0) | 610 (11.0) | 617 (10.6) | 642 (10.9) | 640 (11.0) | 603 (10.2) | 522 (8.6) | 587 (10.1) | 624 (11.0) | |
| Time interval from (min)§ | ||||||||||||
| Collapse to call receipt | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–3) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | <0.001 |
| Call receipt to scene | 6 (4–8) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | <0.001 |
| Collapse to first defibrillation | 11 (8–15) | 11 (8–14) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–16) | 12 (9–15) | 12 (9–15) | <0.001 |
| Scene to hospital arrival | 22 (17–28) | 22 (17–29) | 23 (18–29) | 23 (18–29) | 23 (18–30) | 24 (18–30) | 24 (18–31) | 24 (19–31) | 24 (19–31) | 24 (19–31) | 24 (19–31) | <0.001 |
*
Values are median (interquartile range) or numerator/total number (%). CPR indicates cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and EMS, emergency medical service.
†
CPR refers to chest compressions with or without rescue breathings.
‡
No./total no. of EMS dispatcher CPR instruction.
§
Total number of patients calculating time intervals; 60 190 in the collapse‐to‐call‐receipt interval; 61 032 in the call‐receipt‐to‐scene interval, 54 298 in the collapse‐to‐first‐defibrillation interval, and 60 796 in the scene‐to‐hospital‐arrival interval.