Table 2.

Factors Associated With the Presence of PFO in the Subgroup of Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke

Variable	All (n=218)	PFO (n=97)	No PFO (n=121)	P value
Age, y, mean (SD)	68.0 (64.0–72.0)	67.0 (64.0–72.0)	68.0 (64.0–72.0)	0.53
Male sex	142 (65.1%)	63 (64.9%)	79 (65.3%)	0.96
Hypertension	107 (49.1%)	41 (42.3%)	66 (54.5%)	0.07
Diabetes	35 (16.1%)	9 (9.3%)	26 (21.5%)	0.01
Current smoking	42 (19.3%)	17 (17.5%)	25 (20.7%)	0.56
Lipid lowering medication	82 (37.6%)	39 (40.2%)	43 (35.5%)	0.48
Antiplatelet medication	61 (28.0%)	28 (28.9%)	33 (27.3%)	0.79
Vitamin K antagonists	2 (0.9%)	1 (1.0%)	1 (0.8%)	0.87
Direct oral or other anticoagulant	6 (2.8%)	2 (2.1%)	4 (3.3%)	0.59
Previous ischemic stroke	21 (9.6%)	14 (14.4%)	7 (5.8%)	0.03
Previous transient ischemic attack	18 (8.3%)	11 (11.3%)	7 (5.8%)	0.14
Previous coronary heart disease	22 (10.1%)	7 (7.2%)	15 (12.4%)	0.21
Atrial fibrillation	2 (0.9%)	1 (1.0%)	1 (0.8%)	0.88
Previous deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism	9 (4.1%)	5 (5.2%)	4 (3.3%)	0.50
Previous cancer	27 (12.4%)	14 (14.4%)	13 (10.7%)	0.41
NIHSS score on admission, median (IQR)	1.0 (0.0–3.0)	1.0 (0.0–3.0)	1.0 (0.0–3.0)	0.96
Magnetic resonance imaging performed	213 (97.7%)	94 (96.9%)	119 (98.3%)	0.48
Contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography performed	189 (86.7%)	86 (88.7%)	103 (85.1%)	0.44
Computed tomography angiography performed	55 (25.2%)	25 (25.8%)	30 (24.8%)	0.83
Ultrasound performed	73 (33.5%)	27 (27.8%)	46 (38.0%)	0.11
24‐h ECG monitoring	38 (17.4%)	15 (15.5%)	23 (19.0%)	0.49
Prolonged ECG monitoring	166 (76.1%)	79 (81.4%)	87 (71.9%)	0.10
Anticoagulation at discharge	30 (13.8%)	19 (19.6%)	11 (9.1%)	0.03
Time between event and echocardiography, d, median (IQR)	4.0 (3.0–7.0)	4.0 (3.0–6.0)	5.0 (3.0–9.0)	0.12
Dilated left atrium	80 (36.7%)	30 (30.9%)	50 (41.3%)	0.11

IQR indicates interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; and PFO, patent foramen ovale.