Table 2.
Potential covariates associated with the risk of periodontitis in patients with MetS.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref | |
| Female | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | 0.012 |
| Race | ||
| Mexican American | Ref | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.80 (0.58–1.09) | 0.164 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.41 (0.30–0.54) | <0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.151 |
| Other races-including multi-racial | 0.93 (0.53–1.61) | 0.788 |
| Education level | ||
| 9–11th grade (Includes 12th grade with no diploma) | Ref | |
| College graduate or above | 0.29 (0.19–0.43) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 0.72 (0.50–1.05) | 0.097 |
| Less than 9th grade | 1.91 (1.19–3.07) | 0.011 |
| Some college or AA degree | 0.46 (0.33–0.64) | <0.001 |
| PIR | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||
| Never smoking | Ref | |
| Former smoking | 1.54 (1.19–1.98) | 0.002 |
| Continuous smoking | 2.59 (1.95–3.45) | <0.001 |
| Drinking consumption | ||
| High drinking | Ref | |
| Low drinking | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.149 |
| Median drinking | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) | 0.090 |
| Never drinking | 0.95 (0.56–1.62) | 0.863 |
| Unknown | 1.34 (0.85–2.12) | 0.211 |
| Physical activity | ||
| High level | Ref | |
| Low level | 1.46 (1.15–1.85) | 0.003 |
| Energy | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.128 |
| VD intake and supplement | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.040 |
| Dental implants | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 0.40 (0.15–1.07) | 0.074 |
| CVD | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.53 (1.13–2.09) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 2.00 (1.54–2.60) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) | 0.064 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) | 0.319 |
| BMI | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.042 |
| Circumference | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.694 |
| Number of missing teeth | ||
| ≥6 | Ref | |
| 0 | 0.17 (0.12–0.24) | <0.001 |
| 1–5 | 0.46 (0.37–0.58) | <0.001 |
| Anti-periodontitis drug | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 0.62 (0.27–1.41) | 0.258 |
MetS: metabolic syndrome; OR: odd ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference; GED: general equivalent diploma; PIR: poverty income ratio; VD: vitamin D; CVD: cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index.