Table 2.

MRI features significantly associated with canine glioma type or grade in at least one study.

MRI Feature and Study [Ref]	Tumor Type		p-Value *
	Oligodendroglioma Proportion	Astrocytoma Proportion
Severe Peritumoral Edema
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77] a	21%	40%	0.0003
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70] b	20%	47%	0.28
Smooth/Regular Margins
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	81%	79%	NR
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77]	57%	55%	0.82
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	69%	47%	0.02
Surface Contact
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	94%	50%	0.046
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	77%	78%	0.65
Ventricular Contact
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	94%	93%	1.0
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	69%	47%	0.05
Ventricular Distortion
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77]	84%	66%	0.006
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	88%	92%	0.82
T1W Hypointensity
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	86%	75%	0.25
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77]	76%	93%	0.006
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	96%	47%	<0.001
T2-FLAIR Mismatch [66]	16%	0%	<0.0001
	Tumor Grade
	High-Grade c	Low-Grade
Contrast Enhancement Present d
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	87%	20%	0.008
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77]	78%	53%	0.0004
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	76%	50%	0.37
Amphimaque, et al., 2022 [69] e	100%	63%	0.002
Intratumoral Cysts/Fluid f
Young, et al., 2011 [78]	68%	40%	0.327
Bentley, et al., 2013 [77]	70%	31%	<0.04
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	40%	43%	0.99
Amphimaque, et al., 2022 [69] e	79%	38%	0.042
Invasion of adjacent brain
Jose-Lopez et al., 2021 [70]	75%	29%	0.02
T2-FLAIR Mismatch [66] e	33%	4%	0.001

NR = not reported. * p-values extracted directly from data sources, with all studies reporting significance at p < 0.05. ^a Qualitatively reported as combined moderate/severe edema. ^b Quantitative severe edema threshold reported. ^c Includes Grade III and/or Grade IV tumors. ^d Includes any contrast-enhancement pattern or severity. ^e Sample population exclusively oligodendrogliomas. ^f Includes single or multifocal cystic lesions.